The Basic Provisions of the
Military Doctrine of the
Russian Federation

"The Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation" were examined at sessions of the Russian Federation Security Council held on 3 and 6 October 1993. The Russian Federation Security Council approved the finalized document at its 2 November 1993 session.

The "Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation" were adopted by edict No. 1833 of the president of the Russian Federation, dated 2 November 1993.

The document consists of an introduction and three sections: the political foundations; the military foundations; and the military-technical and economic foundations of the military doctrine and conclusion.

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Political Bases of the Military Doctrine

2.1. The Russian Federation's attitude to armed conflicts and the utilization of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops

2.2. The basic sources of military danger

2.3. The political principles and basic guidelines for the sociopolitical support to the Russian Federation's military security

2.4. The state's tasks in the sphere of ensuring military security.

3. Military Foundations of the Military Doctrine

3.1. The foundations for the use of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops

3.2. The missions of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops and the organization of their command and control

3.3. The main objectives, principles, and tasks of the organizational development of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops.

4. Military-Technical Cooperation Between the Russian Federation and Foreign Countries

4.1. The aims and asks of military-technical support for the military security of the Russian Federation

4.2. The basic directions of development of the defense-industrial potential of the Russian Federation

4.3. Military-technical cooperation between the Russian Federation and foreign countries

5. Conclusion

1. Introduction

The "Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation" are an integral part of the security concept of the Russian Federation and constitute a document of the transitional period -- the period of establishing Russian statehood, implementing democratic reforms, and shaping a new system of international relations. They constitute a system of views officially adopted in the state on the prevention of wars and armed conflicts, on military organizational development, on the country's defense preparation, on the organization of countermeasures to threats to the state's military security, and on the utilization of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops for the defense of the Russian Federation's vitally important interests.

The Russian Federation's vitally important interests in no way impinge upon the security of other states and they are secured within the framework of equitable and mutually beneficial interstate relations. The implementation of the provisions of the military doctrine is achieved by means of coordinated measures of a political, economic, legal, and military nature with the participation of all organs of state power and administration, public organizations, and citizens of the Russian Federation .

2. Political Bases of the Military Doctrine

This section:

-- expounds the Russian Federation's attitude to armed conflicts and the utilization of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops;

-- defines the basic sources of military danger:

-- contains the political principles and basic guidelines for the sociopolitical support to the Russian Federation's military security;

-- formulates the state's tasks in the sphere of ensuring military security.

2.1. The Russian Federation's Attitude to Armed Conflicts and the Utilization of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and Other Troops

At the contemporary stage of development of the international situation -- when confrontation generated by ideological antagonism is being overcome, partnership and all-around cooperation are expanding, confidence in the military sphere is strengthening, and nuclear and conventional armaments are being reduced -- political-diplomatic, international legal, economic, and other nonmilitary methods and collective actions by the world community regarding threats to peace, violations of peace, and acts of aggression assume paramount importance in preventing wars and armed conflicts.

Ensuring the Russian Federation's military security and its vitally important interests depends first and foremost:

• in the domestic policy sphere on resolving economic, political, and social problems and successfully implementing reforms;

• in the foreign policy sphere on the state of relations with the surrounding world, primarily with our immediate neighbors and the leading powers.

Proceeding from this premise, the Russian Federation:

• is committed to the principles of the peaceful settlement of international disputes, respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states, noninterference in their internal affairs, inviolability of state borders and other universally recognized principles of international law;

• regards no state as its enemy;

• will not employ its Armed Forces or other troops against any state other than for individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack is made on the Russian Federation, its citizens, territory, Armed Forces, other troops, or its allies.

• cooperates in the efforts of the world community and various collective security organs in preventing wars and armed conflicts and maintaining or restoring peace;

• participates in the further development of international law and in the drafting, adoption, and implementation by all countries of a range of effective measures to prevent wars and armed conflicts.

The aim of the Russian Federation's policy in the sphere of nuclear weapons is to eliminate the danger of nuclear war by deterring the launching of aggression against the Russian Federation and its allies.

The Russian Federation:

• will not employ its nuclear weapons against any state-party to the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, dated I July 1968, which does not possess nuclear weapons except in the cases of: a) an armed attack against the Russian Federation, its territory, Armed Forces, other troops, or its allies by any state which is connected by an alliance agreement with a state that does possess nuclear weapons; b) joint actions by such a state with a state possessing nuclear weapons in the carrying out or in support of any invasion or armed attack upon the Russian Federation, its territory, Armed Forces, other troops, or its allies;

• actively advocates the cessation of nuclear weapons tests and promotes the establishment of dialogue on this question with the ultimate goal of achieving a comprehensive ban;

• seeks the reduction of nuclear forces to a minimal level which would guarantee the prevention of large-scale war and the maintenance of strategic stability and -- in the future -- the complete elimination of nuclear weapons;

• takes, jointly with other interested countries, the requisite measures to strengthen the regime governing the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons and render it universal in nature.

The Russian Federation's policy regarding other types of weapons of mass destruction consists of:

• promoting the full implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their destruction and the maximum expansion of the parties to it;

• ensuring compliance with the regime of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxic Weapons and on Their Destruction;

• preventing the creation of new types of weapons of mass destruction and the development, production, stockpiling, acquisition, storage, or proliferation of means, materials, and technologies which help create these weapons;

• maintaining readiness to counter effectively the consequences of the creation of new types of weapons of mass destruction and providing guarantees of the security of citizens, society, and state.

The Russian Federation ensures its military security by means of all the means at its disposal with priority accorded to political, diplomatic, and other peaceful means. In this context, the Russian Federation deems it necessary to possess Armed Forces and other troops and to employ them for the following purposes:

• protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and other vitally important interests of the Russian Federation in the event of aggression launched against it or its allies;

• the conduct of peace-keeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the Russian Federation's international commitments;

• the termination of armed conflicts and any unlawful armed violence on the state border or the border of another state in accordance with treaty commitments, or within the bounds of the territory of the Russian Federation that threaten its vitally important interests.

The Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops are employed in accordance with the Constitution, the laws, and other normative acts of the Russian Federation. The utilization of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops in support of individual groups of people, parties, or public associations is not permitted.

The document provides a classification of the basic sources of military danger. In this regard it is stressed that the immediate threat of direct aggression being launched against the Russian Federation has considerably declined in contemporary conditions. At the same time the danger of war does remain. Social, political, territorial, religious, national-ethnic, and other conflicts and the desire of a number of states and political forces to resolve them by means of armed struggle constitute the main reasons for its persistence and for the emergence of armed conflicts and wars. Armed conflicts which arise on the basis of aggressive nationalism and religious intolerance pose a special danger.

The basic existing and potential sources of external military danger for the Russian Federation are:

• the territorial claims of other states on the Russian Federation and its allies;

• existing and potential local wars and armed conflicts, particularly those in the immediate vicinity of the Russian borders;

• the possibility of the use (including the unsanctioned use) of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction which a number of states have in service;

• the proliferation of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, their delivery systems, and the latest military production techniques in conjunction with the attempts by certain countries, organizations, and terrorist groups to realize their military and political aspirations;

• the possibility of strategic stability being undermined as a result of the violation of international accords in the sphere of arms limitation and reduction and of the qualitative and quantitative buildup of armaments by other countries;

• attempts to interfere in the internal affairs of and destabilize the internal political situation in the Russian Federation;

• the suppression of the rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in foreign states;

• attacks on military installations of the Russian Federation Armed Forces sited on the territory of foreign states;

• the expansion of military blocs and alliances to the detriment of the interests of the Russian Federation's military security;

• international terrorism.

The document then goes on to identify factors which help transform a military danger into an immediate military threat to the Russian Federation:

• the buildup of groupings of troops (forces) on the borders of the Russian Federation to the point where they disrupt the prevailing correlation of forces;

• attacks on facilities and installations on the state border of the Russian Federation and on the borders of its allies and the launching of border conflicts and armed provocations;

• the training of armed formations and groups on the territory of other states which are intended to be transferred to the territory of the Russian Federation and its allies;

• the actions of other countries which hinder the functioning of Russian systems for the support of the strategic nuclear forces and of state and military command and control of, above all, their space component;

• the introduction of foreign troops in the territory of neighboring states of the Russian Federation (if this is not connected with measures to restore or maintain peace in accordance with a decision of the UN Security Council or a regional organ of collective security with the agreement of the Russian Federation).

The main internal sources of military threats which the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops may be used to counter are regarded in the document as:

• illegal activity by nationalist, separatist, or other organizations which is aimed at destabilizing the situation in the Russian Federation or violating its territorial integrity and which is carried out using armed violence;

• attempts to overthrow the constitutional system by force or to disrupt the functioning of organs of state power and administration;

• attacks on nuclear power, chemical, or biological production facilities or other potentially dangerous facilities;

• the creation of illegal armed formations;

• the growth of organized crime or contraband activity on a scale threatening the security of citizens and society;

• attacks on arsenals, weapons stores, enterprises producing arms or military or specialized equipment or property, or organizations, establishments, or structures possessing authorized weapons with a viewing to capturing them;

• the illegal distribution on the territory of the Russian Federation of weapons, ammunition, explosives, or other means for carrying out sabotage or terrorist acts, and also the unlawful circulation of narcotics.

Additional factors increasing the degree of threat to the military security of the Russian Federation are the fact that a number of sectors of the state border of the Russian Federation have not been properly determined in treaty form and the settlement of the legal status of the presence of Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops outside its borders is incomplete.

The document determines the following basic guidelines for safeguarding the military security of the Russian Federation:

• the maintenance of the qualitative state of the Armed Forces and other troops and their combat readiness and combat capability at a level guaranteeing the reliable protection of Russia's vitally important interests;

• the development of a system of bilateral and multilateral accords among states on renouncing power politics and precluding the use or threat of military force;

• the inclusion of the Russian Federation in collective security structures or the establishment of relations of cooperation with such structures;

• the improvement of existing international mechanisms for monitoring the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery vehicles and the creation of such new effective mechanisms;

• the creation of the conditions for the indefinite operation of the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons and also the adoption of measures to expand the number of parties to this treaty and also to include in the arrangements for the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction all states possessing the potential to develop them;

• the promotion of the multilateralization of talks on nuclear disarmament;

• the establishment of dialogue between states possessing nuclear weapons on problems of nuclear tests with a view to cutting them to the minimum necessary for the maintenance of nuclear safety but precluding he improvement of nuclear weapons, and with a view to their eventual complete prohibition;

• the broadening of confidence-building measures in the military sphere, including the exchange of information of a military nature on a mutual basis and the coordination of military doctrines and military organizational development plans with allies and partners;

• the prevention of damage to the security of the Russian Federation as a result of the violation of previously achieved accords in the field of the limitation and reduction of nuclear and conventional arms;

• the consistent implementation of the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe of 19 November 1990 and the promotion of the inclusion of states in Asia and other regions of the world in the process of the limitation and reduction of conventional armed forces and arms;

• the activization of dialogue on the preparation and adoption of effective international accords in the field of the reduction of naval forces and arms and the limitation of naval activity;

• the settlement of the status of Russian troops and military bases and facilities on the territory of other states on the basis of interstate agreements;

• the development of mutually advantageous cooperation with foreign states in the military field, first and foremost with the states belonging to the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the states of Central and East Europe.

Basic Principles of Russian Federation Policy in the Field of Military Security:

• the safeguarding of the security of the Russian Federation without detriment to the security of other countries or universal security;

• the maintenance of stability in regions adjoining the borders of the Russian Federation, neighboring countries, and the world as a whole;

• the matching of the organizational development of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops to the political objectives and economic potential of the country and to the course of reforms;

• the observance of international commitments and the promotion of the achievement of the objectives of the treaties and agreements to which the Russian Federation is a party;

• the effective utilization of international mechanisms to maintain the arrangements for trading in weapons and military technologies without detriment to the security of the Russian Federation and the world community;

• the interdiction of supplies of arms and military equipment which could exacerbate a crisis situation, undermine regional stability, or violate an embargo or other relevant international accords to which the Russian Federation is a party;

In the matter of maintaining international peace and security and preventing wars and armed conflicts the Russian Federation regards as partners all states whose policies do not harm its interests and do not contravene the UN Charter, and will cooperate:

• within the Commonwealth of Independent States -- with its members in resolving problems of collective defense and security and agreeing military policy and defense organizational development. This dimension of cooperation is the priority for the Russian Federation;

• at the regional level -- with the countries party to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and also other states and military-political structures in adjoining regions with existing and emerging collective security systems;

• on a global scale -- with all member-states of the United Nations, first and foremost within the framework of the UN Security Council, on the basis of the principles and norms of international law.

The nature, conditions, and forms of the Russian Federation's participation in peacekeeping operations undertaken by the United Nations and other international organizations are determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation and international commitments and agreements, including within the framework of the CIS.

2.2. Basic Directions for Sociopolitical Support for the Military Security of the Russian Federation:

• the creation and improvement of the legal foundations of the safeguarding of the military security of the Russian Federation;

• the improvement of a military policymaking mechanism ensuring state control over the adoption and fulfillment of military-political decisions;

• the ensuring of the requisite manning of troops (forces) taking account of demographic factors and opportunities for service under contract and the utilization of civilian personnel and female service personnel;

• the ensuring of the social protection of servicemen and members of their families and also of people discharged from military service;

• the implementation of a package of state measures to raise the prestige of military service;

• the creation and improvement of a system of military-patriotic upbringing and pre-draft training;

• the shaping in citizens of moral and psychological readiness to protect the fatherland;

• the creation and improvement of a system for the upbringing of Armed Forces servicemen and other troops;

• cooperation between military command and control organs and state organs and social and religious organizations;

• the prohibition, in accordance with legislation, of activity in the Russian Federation Armed Forces and

• other troops by political parties, organizations, and associations and also of the propagandization of violence and war;

• the provision of information for Armed Forces servicemen and other troops of the Russian Federation, and openness in relations with the public and the mass media.

The state performs the following tasks in order to safeguard military security:

• In peacetime:

  • the maintenance of the country's defense potential at an adequate level to meet existing and potential military threats and taking account of the country's economic potential and the availability of manpower resources;

  • the qualitative improvement of the Armed Forces and other troops, the ensuring of their combat and mobilization readiness guaranteeing the country's military security;

  • the priority allocation of appropriations for the most promising scientific and technological defense developments in terms of safeguarding the security and developing the economy of the country;

  • the rational conversion of military production;

  • the ensuring of the readiness of organs of state administration and the economy of the country to mobilize men, equipment, and weapons for preventing wars and armed conflict and ensuring the reliable protection of the state border and, in period of threat and wartime, to perform the tasks of defense and security;

  • the suppression of possible provocations and encroachments on the security of citizens, the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and other vitally important interests of the Russian Federation.

• In a period of threat and with the commencement of war (armed conflict):

  • the timely declaration of a state of war, the introduction of a state of emergency or martial law in the country or in individual areas with the simultaneous bringing of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops (or part thereof) to the requisite degrees of combat readiness, the adoption of decisions, and issuing of orders for the preparation and implementation of specific operations;

  • the mobilization of the necessary men, equipment, and weapons for repulsing the aggressor, the conducting of political, economic, armed, and other means of struggle to prevent aggression, repulse an attack, and defeat an aggressor;

  • the coordination of the efforts of all organs of power and administration and public organizations and the country's population to repulse aggression and inflict the kind of damage on the enemy that will force him to renounce further combat operations on terms which accord with the interests of the Russian Federation;

  • the fulfillment of the international commitments of the Russian Federation to provide military aid to countries allied with it and participate in peacekeeping operations;

  • the provision of support for actions by the UN Security Council and other international organizations to maintain or restore international peace and security at the earliest possible stage in the development of a threatening situation or conflict.

The supreme organs of state power and administration of the Russian Federation, organs of state power and administration of all components of the Federation, and organs of local self-government bear, within the bounds of the duties and powers defined by the Constitution and legislation of the Russian Federation, full responsibility for the ensuring of military security, the state of the country's defense capability, the combat and mobilization readiness and combat capability of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops.

All activity to perform the tasks of ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation is organized, controlled, and coordinated by the president of the Russian Federation He heads the Russian Federation Security Council -- the constitutional organ which prepares the decisions of the Russian Federation president in the field of safeguarding the security of citizens, society, and state.

3. Military Foundations of the Military Doctrine

This section examines:

-- the foundations for the use of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops,

-- the missions of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops and the organization of their command and control;

-- the main objectives, principles, and tasks of the organizational development of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops.

3.1. The Foundations for the Use of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and Other Troops

In conditions where the threat of world war (both nuclear and conventional) is considerably reduced, even if not entirely eliminated, the main danger to stability and peace is posed by local wars and armed conflicts. The likelihood of their arising in certain regions is growing.

Military operations in armed conflicts and local wars may be conducted by peacetime groupings of troops (forces) stationed in the conflict zone. Where necessary they will be reinforced via the partial deployment and redeployment of men, equipment, and weapons from other sectors [napravleniya] (regions).

The main objective of the use of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops in armed conflicts and local wars is to localize a seat of tension and terminate military operations at the earliest possible stage in the interests of creating preconditions for the settlement of the conflict by peaceful means on conditions which accord with the interests of the Russian Federation.

Military operations in armed conflicts and local wars may be characterized by:

• the broad range of forces enlisted to conduct the armed struggle -- from irregular enemy formations and limited troop contingents on the part of the Russian Federation to operational-strategic groupings of troops (forces) on both sides;

• the use of various means and forms of conducting military operations on a tactical and operational scale;

• the use of the entire available arsenal of means of armed violence -- from light small arms to state-of-the-art arms and military hardware, including high-precision weapons systems of the combatant sides.

Armed conflicts and local wars can in certain conditions escalate into a large-scale war.

Deliberate actions by the aggressor which aim to destroy or disrupt the operation of the strategic nuclear forces, the early-warning system, nuclear power and atomic and chemical industry installations may be factors which increase the danger of a war using conventional weapons systems escalating into a nuclear war.

The document contains the thesis that any, including limited, use of nuclear weapons in a war by even one side may provoke the massive use of nuclear weapons and have catastrophic consequences.

Internal armed conflicts, which threaten the vitally important interests of the Russian Federation and may be used as an excuse for other states' intervention in its internal affairs, pose a considerable danger. The aim of using the troops and forces enlisted for the localization and suppression of such conflicts is to most speedily normalize the situation, restore legality and law and order, safeguard public security, provide the population with the necessary aid, and create conditions for the settlement of conflicts by political means.

3.2. The Missions of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and Other Troops and the Organization of Their Command and Control

In order to prevent wars and armed conflicts and ensure the deterrence of potential aggressors from unleashing any wars which threaten the interests of the Russian Federation, its Armed Forces are assigned the following tasks:

• the prompt identification, jointly with the manpower and resources of the Russian Federation Foreign Intelligence Service, the Russian Federation Ministry of Security, the Russian Federation Foreign Ministry, and the Russian Federation Ministry of Internal Affairs, of an impending armed attack or a threatening development in the situation and the warning of the state's supreme leadership thereof;

• the maintenance of the composition and status of the strategic nuclear forces at a level ensuring guaranteed intended damage to the aggressor in any conditions of the situation;

• the maintenance of the combat potential of peacetime general-purpose groupings of troops (forces) at a level ensuring that aggression on a local (regional) scale is repulsed;

• the ensuring, within the framework of the state measures to switch the country from a peacetime to a wartime footing, of the strategic deployment of the Armed Forces and other troops;

• the protection of the state border in the air and underwater.

The performance of the aforementioned and other tasks is carried out by the Armed Forces in close cooperation with other troops of the Russian Federation, whereby the Border Guard Troops are assigned the protection of the state border on land, sea, rivers, lakes, and other reservoirs, the Internal Troops are assigned the protection of important state facilities and the suppression of particularly dangerous offenses, sabotage, or terrorist acts.

The Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops are utilized in accordance with the Constitution and existing legislation of the Russian Federation, the Geneva Conventions on the Defense of Victims of War of 12 August 1949, and other international law commitments of the Russian Federation applied in a period of armed conflict.

Overall leadership of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops is exercised by the president of the Russian Federation -- the supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces -- in accordance with the Constitution and existing legislation of the Russian Federation.

The Council of Ministers/Government of the Russian Federation bears responsibility for the state of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops.

Direct leadership of the Russian Federation Armed Forces is exercised by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation.

The main organ for the operational leadership of the Armed Forces is the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Direct leadership of other troops is exercised by the corresponding commanders (chiefs) in accordance with existing legislation.

In the event of aggression against the Russian Federation and its allies the Russian Federation Armed Forces are assigned the following missions:

• the repulsing of enemy attacks from air, land, or sea;

• inflicting destruction on the enemy and the creation of conditions for the cessation of military operations at the earliest possible stage and the conclusion of peace on terms which accord with the interests of the Russian Federation;

• the conduct of military operations jointly with the armed forces of allied states in accordance with the international commitments of the Russian Federation.

When participating in peacekeeping operations carried out by decision of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the international commitments of the Russian Federation, the contingents of its Armed Forces may be assigned the following main tasks:

• the separation of the conflicting sides' armed groupings;

• the ensuring of deliveries of humanitarian aid to the civilian population and their evacuation from the conflict zone;

• the blockading of the conflict area with a view to ensuring the implementation of sanctions adopted by the international community.

The performance of these and other possible tasks should be aimed at creating conditions which ensure the political settlement of the armed conflict.

When performing the above operations in regions adjacent to the Russian Federation, the Border Guard Troops, and internal affairs organs and Internal Troops of the Russian Federation Ministry of Internal Affairs within the confines of the Russian Federation state border may perform the task of safeguarding the passage and return of peacekeeping forces.

The Russian Federation bears responsibility for the material/technical supply, instruction, training, planning, and operational command of the Russian contingents in accordance with UN standards and procedures and agreements thereon within the CSCE and the CIS. To this end the Russian Federation Armed Forces use the experience accumulated in this field by other countries and international organizations and carry out military maneuvers, staff exercises, and exchange visits and information.

In order to prevent and suppress internal conflicts and other actions using means of armed violence on the territory of the Russian Federation, which threaten its territorial integrity and the other interests of society and Russia's citizens, internal affairs organs and Internal Troops of the Russian Federation Ministry of Internal Affairs are assigned the following tasks:

• the ensuring of the protection of public order and the maintenance of the legal regime of the state of emergency in the conflict zone;

• the localization and blockading of the conflict area;

• the suppression of armed clashes and the separation of the conflicting parties;

• the implementation of measures to disarm and eliminate illegal armed forces and confiscate weapons from the population in the conflict area;

• the strengthening of the protection of public order and security in areas adjoining the conflict area;

• the implementation of operational-investigative and enquiry measures in the interests of eliminating the threat to internal security, and also the performance of other tasks envisaged by existing legislation.

Individual formations of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops may be enlisted to aid internal affairs organs and the Internal Troops of the Russian Federation Ministry of Internal Affairs in localizing and blockading the conflict region, suppressing armed clashes, and separating the conflicting sides, and also in defending strategically important installations in accordance with the procedure prescribed by existing legislation.

The Border Guard Troops, securing the state border, help law enforcement organs in the struggle against organized crime, terrorism, and the smuggling of weapons and narcotics, and in preventing internal armed conflicts from extending beyond the confines of the Russian Federation.

The Russian Federation Armed Forces may be assigned missions of assisting the Border Guard Troops in guarding the state border of the Russian Federation and helping other forces in guarding maritime lines of communications and important state installations and economic zones, and in combating terrorism, illegal traffic of drugs, and piracy.

The tasks of other troops of the Russian Federation enlisted in defense are determined in accordance with existing legislation.

The men, equipment, and weapons of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops may be enlisted to help the population eliminate the consequences of accidents, catastrophes, and natural disasters.

3.3. The Main Objectives, Principles, and Tasks of the Organizational Development of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and Other Troops

The main objective of the organizational development of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops is to create and develop troops (forces) capable of defending the independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the country, the security of the citizens, and the other vitally important interests of society and state in line with the military-political and strategic situation in the world and the real potential of the Russian Federation.

Main Principles of the Organizational Development of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and Other Troops:

• subordination of organs of military command and control and officials to the supreme organs of state power and the Council of Ministers/Government of the Russian Federation;

• the observance of general civil political rights and freedoms and the social protection of servicemen in accordance with the specific nature of military service;

• the centralization of military leadership and one-man command on a legal basis;

• the matching of the organizational structure, combat strength, and numerical strength of the troops (forces) with their assigned missions and the legislation, international commitments, and economic potential of the Russian Federation;

• the ensuring of the high level of professionalism of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops;

• the ensuring of potential to build up the combat might of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops in keeping with the increase in the military threat, and the timely buildup and preparation of a mobilization reserve;

• the calculation of the country's geopolitical and geostrategic position;

• the use of national and world experience of military organizational development.

The organizational and other development of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops are carried out in line with the concepts for their organizational development in accordance with coordinated and agreed programs and plans.

The main efforts in the organizational development of the Russian Federation Armed Forces are concentrated on performing the following tasks:

• Through 1996:

  • the creation of groups of troops (forces) on the territory of the Russian Federation in accordance with their mission and tasks;

  • the improvement of the troops' branch structure;

  • the completion of the withdrawal back to Russian territory of formations and units stationed outside Russia;

  • the continuation of the switch to the mixed system of manpower acquisition, which combines voluntary service -- under contract -- with service based on drafting citizens for military service on the exterritorial principle;

  • the reduction in the numerical strength of the Armed Forces to the established level.

• In the period 1996-2000:

  • the completion of the reorganization of the Armed Forces structure, the switch to the mixed system of manpower acquisition, and the creation of groupings of troops (forces) and a military infrastructure on the territory of the Russian Federation.

The priority is the development of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops intended for deterrence against aggression as well as the mobile forces of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops able to redeploy within a short period and to mount and conduct maneuver operations in any sector (any region) where a threat to the security of the Russian Federation may arise.

The interests of the security of the Russian Federation and other states belonging to the CIS may require troops (forces) and resources to be deployed outside the territory of the Russian Federation and mixed troop formations to be set up manned by servicemen of the Commonwealth states, generally on a contract basis. The terms of this deployment and manning are determined by the corresponding international legal documents.

The troops (forces) of the Russian Federation may be outside its territory within joint -- with the troops (forces) of other states -- or Russian groupings and individual bases (installations).

Regardless of the terms of deployment, Russian military formations on the territory of various states are part of the Armed Forces and when performing their assigned missions, act in accordance with the procedure prescribed for the Russian Federation Armed Forces, taking into account bilateral and multilateral treaties and agreements.

The Russian Federation Armed Forces must be trained to regroup within minimal timeframes to areas under threat and for active operations -- both defensive and offensive -- in any scenario where armed conflicts and wars are unleashed and conducted and amid the massive use of modern and future weapons. The forms, methods, and means of conducting combat operations which best accord with the prevailing situation and ensure that the initiative is seized and the aggressor defeated must be chosen.

The men, equipment, and weapons of other troops are trained to perform the missions which are assigned to them by existing legislation in peacetime and wartime. Particular significance here is attached to:

• the ensuring of the stable functioning of intelligence, command, and communications systems and the winning and maintenance of superiority in various spheres;

• the isolation of the aggressor's incursionary groups of troops (forces);

• a flexible combination of delivery of fire and troop mobile actions;

• close cooperation between branches, combat arms, and the special troops of the Armed Forces, the coordination of plans for the use of the Armed Forces and other troops in armed conflicts and wars and in performing joint missions;

• the destruction of command control installations of the enemy's troops and weapons.

4. Military-Technical and Economic Foundations of Military Doctrine

The following are examined in this section:

-- the aims and asks of military-technical support for the military security of the Russian Federation;

-- the basic directions of development of the defense-industrial potential of the Russian Federation;

-- military-technical cooperation between the Russian Federation and foreign countries.

4.1. Aims and Tasks of Military-Technical Support for the Military Security of the Russian Federation

The main aim of military-technical support for the military security of the Russian Federation is the prompt supply and material provision for the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops of efficient weapons systems, military and special hardware, and other equipment in quantities necessary and sufficient for the guaranteed protection of the vitally important interests of society and the state.

The basic ways of achieving this aim are:

• the creation of the best possible system of weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment ensuring the enhancement of combat efficiency by means of qualitative indicators and based on plans for the organizational development and operational use of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops;

• the supplying of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops with efficient models of weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment and provision for their everyday maintenance;

• the application of the latest scientific and technical achievements, advanced technologies, and progressive materials in conducting scientific-research and experimental design work for the preferential creation of new generations of weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment, and the maximum use of mathematical models for the assessment of their combat efficiency before starting series production;

• the ensuring of the production and mobilization capacities needed by industry for the output of weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment.

The principles of satisfying the requirements of the Armed Forces and other troops in terms of weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment are:

• correspondence between the level of technical supplies and the requirements of ensuring military security;

• consideration for the state's scientific, technical, and economic potential;

• the maintenance of the system of weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment in a state of operational readiness;

• the anticipatory operational, scientific, technical, and economic justification of the requirements for weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment, and also the overall requirements of these, taking into consideration the long-term financing of research, development, and production;

• the concentration of financial and material-technical resources for priority spheres of the military-technical supplying of the Armed Forces and other troops.

The basic directions of military-technical support for military security and the rational use of the defense-industrial potential are:

• the development and implementation of long-term weapons and military hardware programs (up to 10-15 years) and the state defense order financed by the state;

• the structural restructuring of industry, ensuring the military-technical and economic independence of the Russian Federation in the conditions of transition to a market economy;

• the improvement of the system of state management of the development and production of weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment in conditions of changing forms of ownership;

• the introduction of a system of financial-economic regulators and mechanisms aimed at ensuring all types of resources for defense orders, as well as the creation of an economic interest for enterprises under various forms of ownership to conduct work to create and manufacture weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment;

• anticipatory compensation for the possible negative consequences of any reduction in the volume of military developments and the manufacture of weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment;

• the guaranteed provision of financial and material and technical resources for work to create weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment;

• the introduction of the contract and competitive principle in the system of orders and the development and manufacture of military output and military-purpose output;

• the organization of scientific-research and experimental design work of competitive technologies and advanced technologies to replace imported ones, including duel-use technologies;

• the constant exchange of dual-use technologies and their joint utilization, with the interests of the state and the producers taken into account;

• the optimization of the system of orders for scientific/ technical output, the list of supplied models of weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment, and their unitization and standardization;

• the implementation of a credit-financial policy ensuring the implementation of the defense order;

• the maintenance of the pace of the rearming of troops to meet the requirements of reliably ensuring military security;

• the planned modernization of weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment.

Priorities of military-technical support for the military security of the Russian Federation:

• the preferential development of fundamental and applied research and experimental-design developments making it possible to react effectively to emerging military threats and military-technical breakthroughs;

• the development and production of highly efficient systems for the command and control of troops and weapons, communications, intelligence, strategic warning, electronic warfare, and precision, mobile, nonnuclear weapons, as well as systems for their information support;

• the maintenance of the entire complex of strategic weapons at a level ensuring the security of the Russian Federation and its allies, strategic stability, and deterrence of nuclear and conventional wars, as well as nuclear security;

• the enhancement of the individual level of technical equipment providing servicemen's means of warfare, communications, and protection;

• the improvement of the ergonomic features of weapons and military hardware in the "man-machine" systems.

The supplying of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other troops with weapons and military hardware is ensured by the defense-industrial potential formed by the Russian Federation Council of Ministers/Government. Its material base is made up of enterprises (organizations) which carry out research, development, production, warranty inspection, and the salvaging of weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment.

4.2. Basic Avenues of Development of the Defense-industrial Potential:

• ensuring the level of fundamental, basic, and applied research, advanced scientific, technical, and technological developments, the development of the scientific-experimental, testing, and production base of enterprises (organizations) which would guarantee the implementation of the state defense order;

• the rational balanced development of the defense-industrial potential and its infrastructure, taking into consideration the requirements of ensuring the country's military security, the implementation of the program for the conversion of military production, and the efficient functioning of the economy as a whole;

• the creation and development of capacities for the production and repair of weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment necessary for ensuring the full cycle of the production of their basic types;

• the elaboration and implementation of a package of measures to ensure the mobilization readiness of the economy and the creation of state mobilization reserves.

4.3. Military-Technical Cooperation Between the Russian Federation and Foreign Countries

In the organization of military-technical cooperation with foreign countries, the Russian Federation proceeds from the need to ensure its military-political and economic interests in a balanced way. Military-technical cooperation is the state's prerogative and is structured on the basis of Russian legislation and interstate agreements to which the Russian Federation is a party.

Military-technical cooperation includes the following:

• supplies to foreign countries and the export and import of weapons and military hardware, military technologies, and the results of scientific and technical activity in the military sphere;

• sending military advisers and specialists on official trips;

• conducting commissioned and joint scientific-research and experimental design work to create new models of weapons and military hardware;

• giving technical assistance in the creation of military facilities and defense industry enterprises;

• carrying out other work and services of a military-technical nature.

The Russian Federation is giving priority significance to the restoration and expansion on a mutually advantageous basis of cooperation ties between enterprises forming the defense-industrial potential and sectoral scientific research institutions of CIS member states.

The aims of military-technical cooperation are:

• strengthening the Russian Federation's military-political positions in various regions in the world;

• earning foreign currency for state requirements, the development of conversion, military production, the dismantling and salvaging of weapons, and the structural restructuring of enterprises in the defense sectors of industry;

• maintaining the country's export potential in the sphere of conventional weapons and military hardware at the necessary level;

• developing the scientific, technical, and experimental base of the defense sectors of industry and their scientific-research and experimental design work institutions and organizations;

• providing social protection for the personnel of enterprises, institutions, and organizations developing and producing weapons, military and special hardware, and other equipment.

5. Conclusion

The Russian Federation guarantees the implementation of the basic provisions of the military doctrine. It is strictly observing the UN Charter and universally recognized international law norms and principles and will continue to do so.

The "Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine" determine the strictly defensive orientation of activity to ensure the military security of the Russian Federation and its allies, enshrine the Russian Federation's commitment to the aims of averting wars and armed conflicts, their elimination from the life of humankind, universal disarmament, the elimination of military blocs, and affirm its determination to strive for the materialization of the ideals of humanism, democracy, social progress, and universal security and peace.

The "Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine," as a constituent component of the overall concept of security, which determines ways and means of ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation in the transitional period of its development, will be supplemented, adjusted, and improved as Russian statehood is established and a new system of international relations is formed.