2. Martyrdom, as the IRGC taught the Basij in the Iran/Iraq war, makes dying itself a worthwhile goal, but the IRGC leadership would justify its efforts to ensure IRGC survival as a necessary step in ensuring the continuation of the revolution.

3. In his 1995 book, for example, General Colin Powell indicated that when charged by Secretary of Defense Cheney to explore a nuclear retaliatory option, Powell replied: "Let's not even think about nukes. You know we're not going to let that genie loose." Cheney reportedly replied, "Of course not, but take a look to be thorough and just out of curiosity." After showing the results of the analysis of nuclear strike options to Cheney, Powell had the paper destroyed. In Colin L. Powell, My American Journey, (New York: Random House, 1995), 485-486. Similarly, in former Secretary of State James Baker's book, he states that in December 1990 President Bush had decided that "U.S. forces would not retaliate with chemical or nuclear weapons if the Iraqis attacked with chemical munitions." He notes that "There was obviously no reason to inform the Iraqis of this. In hopes of persuading them to consider more soberly the folly of war, I purposely left the impression that the use of chemical or biological agents by Iraq could invite tactical nuclear retaliation." In James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution War and Peace (New York: Putnam, 1995), 359.

4. See, for example, Col. B.E. Barriteau's (U.S. Marine Corps, Ret.) information operations campaign which addresses psychological operations. This campaign is the product of an Advanced Studies course conducted by the School of Information Warfare and Strategy at National Defense University under the Information Strategy Concentration Program.

5. Virtually any follow-on regime would likely be Islamic, but it would be difficult to imagine that the new regime would be quite as bad as the current one. See, for example, Douglas Jehl, "Camp Ashraf Journal: Mullahs, Look! Women, Armed and Dangerous," New York Times, December 30, 1996, and "Victors of Tomorrow: Maryam Rajavi calls for an international front against fundamentalism," The Lion and the Sun, the Iranian Resistance's Journal, September 1996 and other resistance literature.

6. Katzman, 84-85.

7. Shahram Chubin, Iran's National Security Policy: Capabilities, Intentions and Impact (The Carnegies Endowment for International Peace: Washington, 1994), 10.