NOTES: CHAPTER 1

¹Throughout this history the term "INF Treaty" will be used. The actual, official title of the treaty is: Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles.

²Alan B. Sherr, The Other Side of Arms Control, Soviet Objectives in the Gorbachev Era (Boston: Unwin Hyman, l988), pp. 242-276. Sherr states that both the United States and USSR in the 1950s and 1960s agreed to on-site inspections as part of multilateral treaties involving arms prohibitions in Antarctica and outer space. Neither of these treaties, however, involved on-site inspections on the national territory of either the Soviet Union or the United States. Treaties and agreements with verification provisions that included on-site inspections on national territory were not negotiated and ratified until the late 1980s.

³Don O. Stovall, "The Stockholm Accord: On-Site Inspections in Eastern and Western Europe," in Lewis A. Dunn and Amy E. Gordon, eds., Arms Control Verification and the New Role of On-Site Inspection (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1990), pp. 15-38. For statistics on CDE inspections, see p. 35.

⁴l00th US Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Treaty Document 100-11; Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles, Together With the Memorandum of Understanding and Two Protocols, Signed in Washington on December 8, 1987 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988). This document contains a letter of transmittal from President Reagan to the U.S. Senate. It also has an article-by-article analysis of the INF Treaty and the complete text of the treaty. Hereafter cited as Treaty Document 100-11. For INF inspection statistics, see: OSIA Office of Public Affairs, Fact Sheet, June 1, 1989; OSIA, "INF: The First Year," Arms Control Today (Washington, D.C.), August 1989, p. 31; Washington Post, June 3, 1989.

⁵100th US Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Executive Report 100-15, INF Treaty (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, l988), Vol. 1, p. 51.

⁶Ibid., pp. 66-67. Secretary of Defense Frank C. Carlucci, Ambassador Paul Nitze, and former Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger testified as to the precedent of the INF Treaty and its verification regime for the START Treaty. Secretary Carlucci and Ambassador Nitze told the Committee that some form of "anytime, anywhere" inspections might well be part of a START agreement. Secretary Carlucci testified, "I think we are probably going to have to have some form of challenge inspections under START." Former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger told the Committee that "anyplace, anytime--will probably be the right regime for START."

⁷William H. Taft, IV, Department of Defense Directive: United States On-Site Inspection Agency, January 26, 1988, Section F. Unclassified Extract.

⁸OSIA Office of Public Affairs, "The On-Site Inspection Agency," Fact Sheet, June 1, 1988.

⁹OSIA Office of Public Affairs, Biographical Fact Sheet, May 1, 1989.

¹⁰OSIA Office of Public Affairs, Biographical Fact Sheet, November 1988.

¹¹Edward J. Lacey, "On-Site Inspection: The INF Experience," in Dunn, Verification, pp. 3-14.

¹²INF Treaty Protocol on Inspections, Section I, Paragraph 7. See also: Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Treaty Document 100-11; and 100th U.S. Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Special Delegation to Visit Five NATO Countries, Report: The INF and the Future of the Alliance (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988).

¹³Ibid., Section I, III.

¹⁴Ibid., Section V.

¹⁵INF Treaty, Article I. See also: Arms Control Association Interview with Brigadier General Roland Lajoie, "Insights of an On-Site Inspector," in Arms Control Today (Washington, D.C.: November l988), Vol. 18, No. 9; U.S. Arms Control Disarmament Agency, Understanding the INF Treaty (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, l988), pp. 1-33; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), SIPRI Yearbook 1988; World Armaments and Disarmament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 375-485; SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 1989; World Armaments and Disarmament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 443-458.

¹⁶INF Treaty Memorandum of Understanding, June 1, 1988.

¹⁷For the Reagan Administration's explanation of these five types of INF on-site inspections, see Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Treaty Document 100-11, pp. 43-61. Four U.S. Congressional Committees held extensive hearings on the INF Treaty. For results of these hearings and reports, see: l00th U.S. Congress, 2nd Session. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Report and Hearings: The INF Treaty (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), 6 Volumes; l00th U.S. Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Committee on Armed Services, Report and Hearings; NATO Defense and the INF Treaty (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), 4 Volumes; 100th U.S. Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report and Hearings; INF Treaty Monitoring and Verification Capabilities (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), 1 Volume; l00th U.S. Congress, 2nd Session, House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, Report; Soviet Compliance With Arms Control Agreements (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988).

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