Sunday, August 16, 1998
European Biophysics
Igor Vodyanoy
Office Of Naval Research-European Office
Biophysics Newsletter No. 41
Acoustic Research in Russia - a review
Key words: ocean acoustics, USSR,
Russia, research, development
Contents:
1. Summary
2. Acoustics R&D in the USSR
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Organization Of The Acoustics R&D In USSR
2.2.1 Basic Research2.3 Selected accomplishments (theory & applications)
2.2.2 Applied Research In Ocean Acoustics
2.2.3 Acoustics -- Educational Institutions
2.3.1 Ocean Acoustic Theory (1955-1988)2.4 Conclusions
2.3.2 Space - Time Signal Processing & Detection Algorithms (1945-1989)
2.3.3 Unique Acoustic Systems, Prototypes & Technologies (1970-1989)
3.5.1.1 GEOTON3.5.2 Institute Of Applied Physics (Nizhny Novgorod)
3.5.1.2 ROS
3.5.1.3 INFRAD
3.5.1.4 PELENG
7.1 Underwater Electric Discharge Acoustic SourceAPPENDIX I.
7.2 Electromagnetic Source 0f Underwater Acoustic Pulses
7.3 Underwater Magazine-Type Wide-Band Electrodynamic Source with Reactive Component Compensation
1. SUMMARY
This comprehensive review characterizes and compares the cold war period (Soviet) with the current state of Acoustics Research and Development in Russia. "Soviet" R&D was overpriced, over-staffed and inefficient, but produced a lot of very original research results. Many of the results are still unknown in the West. The review explicates how the R&D was done and where, giving a detailed report on the laboratories in the former Soviet Union. It briefly describes basic and applied research accomplishments with references to individual researchers, their publications and their appropriate laboratories.
During the years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian Federation allocations for R&D have been reduced by about 95%. The review analyzes what and how has been changed in acoustics R&D. It shows what kinds of projects Russian scientists are working on today, and how they get to keep their jobs, if they do, and the conditions under which they have to work. There are many scientists who are still producing interesting technologies in directions unexplored by the West. Much more of their work is theoretical, but they have many prototypes and models worthy of our attention from projects which have been abandoned due to lack of money, materials, or both. The scientific workforce is aging rapidly as many younger scientists have found employment elsewhere, in higher paying jobs or abroad, and there are few students willing to study in a field where there is no future. I think that this report is very timely, as the older generation of scientists will soon retire, and the knowledge will disappear with them.
2. ACOUSTICS R&D IN the USSR
2.1 Introduction
The intent of this chapter is to characterize and compare the cold war period (Soviet) with the current state of Acoustics Research and Development (R&D) in Russia. There have being radical changes in R&D during the years after the Soviet Union collapse. The Russian Federation State Budget allocated for R&D has been reduced by 90 - 95%, and consequentially, the number of scientists and engineers leaving R&D is growing due to consistently diminishing labor compensation. Many institutions are left with half and sometimes with only 10% of their original personnel. The absence of comprehensive military doctrine and conversion policy contributed to a demise of many designing and manufacturing facilities in Russia.
Nevertheless, by serendipity, if not by design -- some of these dramatic changes in Russian R&D are in fact quite positive. The majority of Soviet R&D Institutes, Design Bureaus, and manufacturing facilities were staffed with unessential, ineffectual, and redundant employees. (The US company Klein Assoc. Inc., that manufactures the Side-Scan Sonar has about 40 employees and the former Soviet company that produced similar equipment had about 1200 employees.) As one Russian researcher put it: "the staff of my department in Acoustics Institute in the best of times numbered 85 employees, but in reality only 10-15 persons were involved in R&D. The total absence of material incentive forced administration to hire more people to produce anything at all"
The ever-present iron curtain, an absence of real competition, and the secrecy of acoustics R&D were a blessing and a curse to Russia. It was either highly progressive or an awkward and retrograde direction. A typical example of this is digital technology. The absence of up-to-date microchip technology forced Russian engineers to design analog equipment for spectral analysis of acoustic fields. Nevertheless, the advantages of Western digital spectrum analyzers were so obvious that the Russian Navy was using them in secret (pretending to use equipment designed in Russia) for calibration of basic sonar equipment as well as for classification procedures. "Official" use of these analyzers was only for "auxiliary metrology" and as "testing equipment" (B&K and ONOSOCI were commonly used at the time).
2.2 ORGANIZATION OF ACOUSTICS R&D IN USSR
As with all research fields in the former USSR acoustics R&D
was extremely centralized. Officially, there were the Russian
Academy of Sciences (Basic science funding), Industrial Ministries
(Applied R&D funding), and the Ministry of Education (Basic
and Applied R&D funding), who formed different Joint Science
Councils coordinating R&D activities in the USSR. But in reality,
such coordination was accomplished by a special department of
the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Political Bureau
of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, PB of CPSU)
More than 40 thousand employees (15 thousand of whom were scientists and engineers) were involved in federally supported acoustics R&D (~70% in defense and ~30% in civilian R&D). The average cost of a typical defense R&D project analogous in scope to an average 6.1-6.2 project in the U.S. was about $800,000 - $1,500,000 per year. The cost of a 6.3-6.4 type R&D project was 5 to 10 times higher.
2.2.1 BASIC RESEARCH
Almost all basic research in ocean and hydro acoustics was
done at either the
Acoustical Institute (AKIN) and partly at or
the Institute of Oceanology. The Institute branched
off in 1955 from the former Acoustical Laboratory of the Institute
of General Physics, but in 1960 it was transferred to the Ministry
of Shipbuilding. The AKIN had separate departments for ocean and
hydro acoustics and was working on integrated R&D projects
(basic and applied research). The AKIN was the principal designer
and coordinator of just about all significant hydro acoustics
R&D for many other Institutes and Design Bureaus. Well-equipped
ocean-going research vessels went on about 50 long term cruises
and tested various novel shipboard hydro acoustic equipment. Table
1 lists all acoustics R&D institutions involved into the basic
research the FSU.
Table 1
| |||
N.N.Andreyev Acoustical Institute (AKIN) | Ocean acoustics, Hydro acoustics Bioacoustics, Transducers, New Materials, Acoustooptics, Noise and vibrations, Structural acoustics, Medicine and Technology Ultrasound, Acoustic metrology, Acoustic signal processing, Classification, Air-acoustics, acoustics of Jets | Moscow (main office), Sukhumi Division (Black Sea), Severomorsk Division (Barents Sea), Kamchatka Division, Leningrad Division, Dubna Division
5 Research ocean going ships | Total 2500 S&T 700 350 professors and D.Sc. |
P.P.Shirchov Institute of Oceanology
Russian Academy of Sciences | Hydrophysics, Physical oceanography, Acoustics marine biology, marine geology, instrumentation and submersibles | Baltic base in Kaliningrad, Ghelendzhic base on Black Sea, 4 Research Ships | 2000 |
Pacific Oceanological Institute
Russian Academy of Sciences | Underwater acoustics (especially low frequency acoustics) , ocean processes and dynamics, ocean-atmosphere interaction, status of water ecosystems, geological/geophysical investigations of sea bottom | Vladivostok
2 Research Ships | 600
270 R&D scientists 150 professors & D.Sc. |
Institute of Marine Technology Problems
Russian Academy of Sciences | Autonomous submersible platforms, towed platforms and ROVs, navigation and positioning, Ocean acoustics, frontal zones, synoptic eddies, non-traditional and renewable Energy sources, Ecological Monitoring | Vladivostok | 400
90 R&D |
General Physics Institute, Dept.of Wave Phenomena, Laboratory of Ocean Acoustics
Russian Academy of Sciences | Low-frequency signal propagation in shallow water, Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions | Moscow | 18 |
Institute of Applied Physics
Acoustic department Russian Academy of Sciences | Remote diagnostics of ocean phenomena, acoustic target detection, low-frequency sound propagation, computer simulation of sound propagation, Phased transducer arrays | Nizhny Novgorod | 45 |
Bureau of Oceanological Engineering
Russian Academy of Sciences | Various oceanographic Instrumentation, Manned Submersibles | Moscow | 400 |
2.2.2. APPLIED RESEARCH IN OCEAN ACOUSTICS
The leading institution in the applied acoustics R&D is
the Research Center «Okeanpribor» that designs and manufactures
all types of sonars and other hydro acoustical equipment working
over a wide
frequency range. OKEANPRIBOR products can be found in all Russian
submersibles (including Navy submarines). The Table 2 lists all
applied research institutes in Russia, Table 3 lists all applied
research institutes in Ukraine, and Table 4 lists all FSU special
design bureaus (DB) and production facilities (P).
Table 2
Research Center
OKEANPRIBOR | Combines research Institute and two manufacturing plants
Design and manufacture of hydro acoustic equipment for ships, submersibles and stationary on-shore sonars. | St.-Petersburg
Two experimental basins | 4000
2000 R&D |
KRYLOV SHIPBUILDING RESEARCH INSTITUTE | Ship design, Hydro-Aero Mechanics, Structural acoustics and vibrations, Non-acoustic Ship Signatures, Ship Power Plants, Nuclear Power Plants, Large model-making capabilities. | St.-Petersburg | |
ATOL Scientific Research Institute | Development and making of low-frequency hydro acoustical seabed passive Sonars, Cable bottom arrays, Low-frequency transducers and transmitters | Dubna
Moscow Region | |
Scientific Research Institute HYDROPRIBOR | High-frequency active Sonars, Transponders, Navigation, Mine detection, Non-acoustic target detection | St.-Petersburg | |
State Scientific Research Institute of Physico/Technical Measurements, Acoustic department | Acoustics metrology and Standards, Primary transducers and Hydrophones, Design of acoustic pressure chambers Certification and testing | Zelenograd, Moscow Region | |
Scientific Research Institute «Impulse» Hydro Acoustics Department | Self-tracking acoustic heads, High-frequency sonars, HF transducers and phased Arrays | Moscow |
Table 3
Marine Hydrophysical Institute | Physical oceanography, Manufacture of oceanography equipment. Towed profile sonars Towfishes with different equipment. Current meters, CTDs, DO, pH meters, Geomagnetic devices, Underwater optics, Biophysics,Turbulence. Ocean-atmosphere interactions, | Sevastopol Experimental base in Odessa, Katsiveli
5 Research ships, shelf mounted observational sea platform | |
Scientific Research Institute of HYDROPRIBOROV | Ship sonars, active and passive, Towed arrays and towed active sonars, Sonobuoys with single vector sensors and vertical arrays, High-power transducers and phased arrays | Kiev |
Table 4
DB&P PRIBOY | High-frequency active sonars, Echo-sounders, Fish sonars, Navigation and Doppler equipment, Side-scan sonars, Transponders, Transducers, Accelerometers, Hydrophones and arrays, Sonars for helicopters | Taganrog, Russia | |
DB BEREG | Deep seabed sonars
Acoustic transponders, Vertical line arrays | Vladivostok, Russia | |
Lenin DB&P | High-frequensy sonars for surface ships and submersibles, Echo-sounders, Bottom and subbottom profiling systems, Acoustic navigation | Beltsi, Moldova | |
P. Dalpribor | Design and manufacture of echo-sounders Sonars for fishing and merchant ships Sonar equipment
Large stationary receiving planar arrays | Vladivostok, Russia | |
P.AHTUBA | Piezoceramic and PZT materials, Hydrophones, Vibration sensors, Magnetostrictional transducers | Volgograd, Russia |
These are major Universities and Higher Learning Institutions
("Institutes") with acoustics departments, but some
acoustics and electro-acoustics is taught as a part of various
general physics courses in many State Universities and Institutes:
Moscow State University
Department of General Acoustics (medical,
engineering)
St.-Petersburg University
Department of general Physics, Chair of Acoustics (medical)
Moscow Physical & Technical
Institute
Department of Hydrocosmos (medical)
Moscow Institute of Radioelectronics
Department of electroacoustics (engineering)
St.-Petersburg Electrotechnical
Institute
Department of electroacoustics (engineering)
Rostov State University
Department of acoustics and electroacoustics (medical,
engineeing)
St.-Petersburg State University
of Ocean Technology
(Former Ship-building Institute)
Department of hydroacoustics and acoustics (engineering)
Vladivostok`s Politechnical
Institute
Department of sea instrumentation (engineeing)
Moscow Academy of Telecommunications
Department of electroacoustics and sound techniques (engineeing)
St-Petersburg Academy of
Radioelectronics
Department of Hydroacoustics (for Navy cadets and officers)
(engineering)
2.3 SELECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS (THEORY & APPLICATIONS)
2.3.1 OCEAN ACOUSTICS THEORY
(1955-1988)
The following list is indeed a small selection out of a multitude
of research results by FSU scientists and engineers.
It is impossible to list all original and even unique technologies
and prototypes of different acoustic and hydro acoustic equipment,
systems and devices. A list of developed technologies that influenced
(or can influence in the future when they will become known in
the west) engineering approaches in acoustics and hydro acoustics
is provided here.
2.4 CONCLUSIONS
The former USSR had extensive and highly advanced R&D in ocean acoustics and hydro acoustics. It was developed on account of the Russian Navy needs and enjoyed practically unlimited financial support. Traditionally, Russian scientists were looking for analytical solutions and procedures - as opposed to numerical solutions favored in the West. Often they developed unique software for numerical solutions on their slow computers. The first high-speed program of Vagin and Maltsev for sound field calculations is a typical example of this - at the time they had about 300 Kb of RAM in their computer. All this is an example of know-how which can be exploited and integrated into research in the West.
For example, there are devices developed in the West for active suppression of machine generated noise. The suppression works only in a limited volume and only for a narrow frequency band. Using diffraction theory of G.Maluzsinets one could easily develop a suppression method of wide-band noise generated by a target with arbitrary geometry and dimensions. This theory can be used for stealthing against active sonar - a so-called "acoustic black hole". The basic theoretical results were derived more than 30 years ago, but it was impossible to realize such an "acoustically invisible system" at the time, due to technical limitations. Today, the implementation of this idea looks quite realistic.
Optical holography and lasers stimulated the development of analog 2D-signal processors for different applications. It was suggested, for example, that a coherent optical processor for beam-forming and correlation processing could be used in the US stationary sonar system "Artemis". A similar optical processor has been developed in Russia and successfully tested with large stationary sonar arrays. In both countries coherent optical processing could not really compete with digital processing. Nevertheless, the idea of totally optical sonar has been revived again with the rapid development of new acousto-optical technologies, such as fiber-optical acoustical sensors, liquid-crystal acousto-optical sensors and others. In this type of sonar, all acoustic signal detection and primary space-time signal processing could be performed by light, and only post-detector processing will require electronics. Potential benefits of such a system are obvious, but how does one overcome the problem of the low dynamic range of analog coherent optical processing must be overcome. One alternative is to use the redundancy of optical waves in combination with analog-digital representation of input signals. Such a system will look similar to biological vision processing (analog processing with large dynamic range).
In applied acoustics one can note the advanced level of technology in high power acoustic transducers, PZT technologies, and matrix sonar arrays. The large 120x12 meter planar array is a very good example.
Traditionally, the weak point in the USSR's acoustic equipment
was digital electronics. The dimensions of the electronics racks
and cabinets for the hydro acoustics equipment were very large
in comparison with similar Western equipment. Indeed, ships or
submersibles had to be built larger to accommodate the bulky equipment.
Today, when as the Russian market becomes
integrated with the global open market the "digital"
limitation does not exist any more.
3. RUSSIAN ACOUSTICS TODAY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The collapse of USSR caused numerous problems for R&D
in Russia. The ocean acoustics industry in the USSR was closely
correlated with Navy needs and with most of the Defense Industrial
Complex. The Defense Industry today is thoroughly confused by
the total absence of any coherent defense strategy and by a so
called "conversion". The Russian Government did not
develop either necessary legal basis or rules of the game for
this "conversion". The directive to industry simply
was: produce what the Russian market needs. The Chief Designer
of one of the large Defense organizations that designed and manufactured
rocket systems complained that the Ministry was forcing him to
develop electromechanical systems for textile pattern cutting
and refrigerator-trailers for frozen meat transportation.
3.2 SOME GENERAL DATA
There are more than 1700 defense industrial companies operating in Russia today. The total number of employees is about 2,500,000. Most of these companies are still manufacturing products for military and civilian applications. For example, in the former USSR, all the TV-sets were manufactured only at military complex factories! Since 1990, the general level of production is going perpetually down. Some general data is presented in the Table below:
|
|
|
In the following Table, the reduction of the defense industry
workforce is shown in relation with the decrease in gross productivity:
|
|
|
It is interesting to note that the average salary in the Defense industry was 572 rubles/month ($104) and it was 963 rubles/month ($175) in the civilian industry.
The situation with financing in 1997 was not much better.
In the Table below the total expenses of the Ministry of Defense
are shown for the period January/February 1997
EXPENSES OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE IN JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1997
|
|
| |
Running Costs | |||
Construction | |||
Procurement | |||
R&D | |||
Total |
If one takes into account that in January 1997 $1 = 5 rubles,
the total money spent for all defense related R&D was only
about $2,8 Million!
3.3 HOW DO THEY SURVIVE?
They mostly don't. The R&D Institutes had "brains", "know-how" and some of them had really novel technologies, but they did not know what to do with them. The younger employees (25-45 years) started to leave the Institutes to join private industries or commerce or to go abroad. The Directors of R&D Institutes were not ready (and some of them wanted to preserve the status quo) to restructure, they still thought that the Government will bail them out and will give them the long promised funds.
For example, the Acoustical Institute in former times had about 2200 employees. Today, there are no more than 450 employees on the Institute payroll. But in reality, only 75-85 are working in R&D. Other employees have so called "forced holidays", i.e. working elsewhere while formally being on the Institute payroll. According to the Russian Ministry of Economics, more than 35% of the scientists are working now in the West.
This is an excerpt from a letter I received from one Russian
scientist:
"AKIN is sitting without money at all, but the scientists are working and working.
The preparation and publication of papers is the single what they have now and what they can do now.
These people can not stop their activity because only this activity supports them in their life every day. The most of them believe that new good time will come soon, but unfortunately they are very old people.
Some scientists told me that they try to publish all they have because it is the single product and legacy they can give to future Russia. They can not teach young scientists to day and transfer them their knowledge because the Youth does not come to Science in Russia in present time."
3.3 R&D SUPPORTED BY FEDERAL BUDGET
In 1993 the former Committee of the Defense Industry (former Ministry) announced the conversion program «Acoustics» for all the acoustics and hydro acoustics R&D Institutions. It is interesting to look at this program to understand the typical Russian "Ministerial" approach to R&D planning.
The Program was introduced as following:
The last item implies that there were potential "customers" who were ready to purchase future products. Unfortunately, it was only an empty promise. The R&D companies had no idea about who these "customers" were, or how they should have found them. This item was there as a formality for Ministerial approval of the budget.
The Program numbered 39 R&D projects (29 of them equivalent to 6.1 and 10 of them to 6.2 - 6.3). The total cost of the Program was 1300 Million rubles ($1~5,000 rubles). It was absolutely clear that it was impossible to conduct any 6.2-6.3 R&D within this small budget. So it was obviously just the usual «soviet» bureaucratic process of self deception.
Nevertheless, even these small funds supported development
of new and interesting technologies and devices.
Million rubles | PRODUCT | |||
The air transponders for shipboard | AKIN | |||
Ultrasound air shipboard sonar for navigation | AKIN | |||
Fishing ship Echosounder | Priboi Plant | |||
Nontraditional methods of noise reduction in Streamers | Krilov Inst. | |||
Ultrasound transmission of TV color pictures | AKIN | |||
Hydro acoustical system for detection of oil on a sea floor | Morfiz-pribor | |||
Shipbuilding materials for sound absorption | AKIN | |||
Acoustic navigation system for precision Helicopter landing | AKIN | |||
Underwater wide-range radiators on the base of magnetostriction materials | AKIN | |||
System for transmission of human speech in high noise situations | AKIN | |||
Portable sonar for detection of unmanned submersibles | Morfiz-pribor | |||
Table-top experimental super-computer for signal processing
| Kanchatka Hydrophys. Institute | |||
Ultrasound intensification of physical-chemical water purification on ships | Morfiz-pribor | |||
Portable sonar for divers | Morfiz-pribor | |||
Sea-bed multichannel digital system for seismic-array | ATOL | |||
Hydro acoustical system for monitoring of the ship hull below the waterline | Morfiz-pribor | |||
Spectrometry of the time delay for modernization of acoustics devices | AKIN | |||
Testing equipment for sound absorption materials | AKIN | |||
Hydrophones for 0,001-600 kHz | Shtil | |||
Sea Transponder for fishing vessels | Bereg | |||
Analysis of the present conditions and forecast for conversion of R&D in defense hydroacoustics | AKIN
(NB: The cost was mostly to cover business trips abroad for Directors and officials from the Ministry) | |||
Ultrasound Imaging system for turbid waters | AKIN | |||
Single beam echosounder for fishing vessels | Briz | |||
Machine diagnostics based on nonlinear acoustic effects | Institute of Applied Acoustics | |||
Acoustic system for distance measurements | AKIN | |||
Acoustical methods of viscosity reduction | AKIN | |||
Acoustical devices for finding people in extreme conditions | AKIN | |||
Acoustical ecological monitoring in rivers and sea harbors | AKIN
NB. This was the only project for the department of ocean acoustics | |||
Acoustical methods of diagnostics of gas/oil pipes | AKIN | |||
Acousto-optical liquid crystal multichannel sensor for monitoring of complex structures | AKIN | |||
Design of elastic materials for vibration reduction | AKIN | |||
Design of a fiber optical sensor for measuring of acoustic power | AKIN | |||
Adaptive active compensation of vibrations | AKIN | |||
Optimization procedures for vibration reduction in railway cars and other vehicles | AKIN | |||
Noise reduction in ventilating fans and conditioners | AKIN | |||
Fire resistant materials with high sound absorption | AKIN | |||
Sound absorbing materials based on composites | AKIN | |||
Ecological information data storage and reproduction | Kamchatka Hydrophys.
Institute |
Despite the shortage of funds, the following projects were
completed: 8, 11, 12, 16, 22, 25, 31, 33, and 37.
3.5 NOVEL APPROACHES
In the climate of severe fund shortages, the Defense Institutions adapted by developing novel strategies. The two most common are:
- Buildings and land sublease to offset utilities bills
- Organization of small private spin-off companies for commercial
activity
Here are some advantages of being a small spin-off private
R&D company in Russia:
- small overheads
(Federal institution pays most of the bills), compare overheads: 500% for Institutes, 800-1000% for Federally owned factories and
only 10-12% for a small spin-off.
- No value added tax (VAT=20% of gross income) during first three years
- Do not have to use Federal banking system of payments (inefficient and slow)
- Simpler management structure
These small companies usually do not own the equipment, or
laboratories, and their staff is usually very limited (2-4 persons).
The work is done through subcontracting.
The factories organize these small companies to sell their
products on the open market.
The Defense Industrial Complex is not allowed to sell any of it's products to the civilian market. It is necessary to receive special permission, licenses and other documents, which is a cumbersome and time-consuming procedure (the time scale is years). A private company can do it very efficiently and quickly.
Many such companies were fraudulent in their finance and production. The key problem for such companies is: who is the real owner of the technology the company is going to sell? Russia still has a very poor legal base for resolving these problems. Nevertheless, the organization of these small companies was (and still is) the only way for the Institutes to keep their keep their "brains" and to develop new technologies and continue R&D.
Of course these phenomena are closely related with the unresolved problem of privatization of the defense industry in Russia. Just recently the Government announced an initial strategy to reduce the State defense industry and start real privatization. At the same time, some Institutes and Industrial Plants have been privatized during the period 1994-1997. But very often such privatization was made in the interests of shareholders not interested in R&D or production.
The former R&D Institute of Introscopy is a very good example. It was a very advanced Institute on Imaging and Visualization of internal structures of nontransparent materials (X-rays, radio, acoustics, and so on). After the privatization the Institute was practically destroyed. Now this Institute has only a name. Banks, supermarkets, and hotels rent essentially all buildings.
Let us look at some more examples and attempts to develop
commercial products in the acoustical field.
3.5.1 - THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE "ATOLL"
This Institute has organized a special Trade group "TECHNOPOLE" that represents four small companies:
GEOTON, ROS, PELENG and INFRAD. These companies are just a commercial
front of different Departments of ATOLL. One way or another this
gave ATOLL a way to introduce it's products on the Market.
3.5.1.1 GEOTON
This company has designed (in 1995-96) a multichannel seismic
system for oil and gas exploration. There are 10,000 input channels,
and the system is based on the TMS 320 processor and unique software.
They are in the process of looking for a partnership to manufacture
(and possibly market) the system.
3.5.1.2 ROS
The company is a front for the Department of Infrasound Hydro
Acoustical Systems. They have developed and manufactured a seabed
passive sonar. This system operates in a frequency range from
1 Hz up to 5 kHz, with 30 to 80 hydrophones. Hydrophone sensitivity
is 250 microvolts/Pa. Analog to digital conversion is performed
for each individual sensor, and then the signal is transmitted
optically. The whole underwater system can contain 4-8 line cable
arrays. The acoustic data analysis and display system is based
on a 80486 microprocessor and TMS 320 co-processors. Frequency
analysis, bearing and target locatization are the main functions
of this system. The system is similar to the US system SOSUS,
but on a smaller scale.
3.5.1.3 PELENG
This company specializes in high power, low frequency transducers (< 1kHz) such as:
3.5.1.4 INFRAD
This company is using a principle of acoustic emission tomography
to develop a passive sonar system for the fishing industry. Ideally,
such a system can detect water currents, internal waves, and can
even provide information on bottom sediments. The proposed depth
of operation is 1000 meters, the monitoring base line is 150 meters
at a distance up to 200 km from the shoreline. The company has
no funding to support further development of the sonar.
3.5.2 INSTITUTE OF APPLIED
PHYSICS (NIZHNY NOVGOROD)
The Institute lost more than half of its scientists since 1991. The Director of this Institute, Academician Gaponov-Grekchov, finances the Institute using very small funds from the Russian Academy of Sciences, a few contracts with industry and a still fewer foreign grants.
One of the most interesting acoustics projects there is the compact electromagnetic monopole transducer. The Institute claims that Woods Hole Oceanographic Laboratory tested the prototype of this transducer in 1993. The titanium body of this transducer has a mass of 120 kg and diameter of 0,55 m. The central frequency is 225 Hz with a bandwidth of about 45-55Hz. The acoustic level is 200 dB re 1 mPa at 1m.
The Institute also designed a Mobile Linear Array 200 m long
and has 64 hydrophones (with a spacing of 3 m), operating depth
is 300 meters, frequency range 20-300 Hz. The frequency range
can be extended to 2,000 Hz. The cost of the system is about $20,000.
8.2.6 ACOUSTICAL INSTITUTE
(AKIN)
The Institute has stopped all experimental work in ocean acoustics and all research in hydro acoustics. The Institute lost all research ships and unique equipment. The orders from military cover only 0,5% of total needs. The Institute is nominally supported by the Ministry of Economics. This support provides only for salaries of remaining personnel (average salary of scientists is still not more $100/month). The average age of the employees is now about 57! The only alternative are contracts with the West. The Institute has successfully completed a few such contracts in the past, but was penalized for alleged breach of national security. This financial road has been practically closed today.
The majority of work conducted at the Institute today is basic research. This work is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research on a competitive basis. The size of these grants can support only development of theory and computer simulations. But these grants saved some outstanding scientists in acoustics.
Here are some examples of this grant support in 1997
Nevertheless, applied research has been performed during 1993-1996 in collaboration with spin-off companies. These projects were:
The spin off companies are: AKMA, Ltd., Favorite-III, LTD, and Errol-Lab, Ltd. These companies rent space at the Institute. Collaboration with these companies allows the Institutes to market its' products.
Here are examples of new commercial products developed through
these collaborations:
Counter-aperture acoustic systems
These conventionally designed acoustic systems offer better
uniformity of the sound field, enhanced stereo effect, and more
comfortable listening. They also allow for enhanced transparency,
articulation and spatial effect of sound, and an extended frequency
range of sound reproduction. Frequency range - 20-20 000 Hz, power
200 W, omnidirectional sound radiation
Pneumatic-acoustic atomizing nozzles
They are intended to be used for liquid fuel atomization in power plants:
"Ecoacoustic"-Acoustic
Scale Remover
can be used in boilers, power steam-and water heaters,
distillers and refrigerators
Noise-insulating Coating
can be applied to noise radiating surfaces of structures
and machines. The noise reduction is 6-10 dB within the frequency
band of 1.5-2 octaves and 4-6 dB in a wide frequency range. There
are no examples of this coating in the West.
Piezoelectric Polymer Strain-Gauges
Main parameters:
4. POINTS OF CONTACT
|
| ||
1 | N.N. Andreyev Acoustical Institute AKIN | Dr., Prof., Dr. N.N. Dubrovskii
Director | Shvernik St.-4
Moscow 117036 (095) 126 90 63 (095) 126 84 11 |
2. | P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Academy of Sciences of RF | Prof., Dr.,L. Savostin
Director | Krasikova St.-23
Moscow 117218 (095) 124 59 96 (095) 124 59 87 |
3. | Dalpribor | Dr. I. Kanevskii
Director | Borodinskaya St.-46/50
Vladivostok, 690105 (4232) 326 312 (4232) 326 307 |
4. | Pacific Oceanological Institute | Dr. G. Voloshin
Deputy Director | Baltiiskaya St.- 43
Vladivostok, 690041 (4232) 311 400 (4232) 312 573 |
5. | Institute of Marine Technology Problems | Prof., Dr., M. Ageev
Director | Sukhanov St.-5a
Vladivostok, 690600 (4232) 228 350 (4232) 226 451 |
6 | OKEANPRIBOR | Dr. J. Karyakin
General Director | Chkalovskii Pr.-46
St.-Petersburg, 197376 (812) 254 32 67 (812) (254 32 88 |
7. | Bureau of Oceanological Egineering | Dr. A. Paramonov
Director | Letnaya St.- 1
Moscow, 109387 |
8 | Krylov Shipbuilding Research Institute | Prof., Dr. O. Paliy
Director of Techn.Sc | Moskovskoe Shosse,44, St.Petersburg, 196158 |
9. | Institute of Applied Physics
Russian Academy of Sc. | Acad.,Prof. A. Gaponov-Grekhov | Uljanov St.-46
Nizhny Novgorod 603600 (831) 236 66 69 (831) 236 97 17 |
10.
| ATOL Research Institute | V. S. Kolyashin
Director | Priborostroitelei St.-5
141980 Dubna, Moscow Region (096) 214 07 87 (096) 213 24 00 |
10a | ROS company | V. Shevchenko
Director | Entuziastov St-5a
Rm-02 Dubna,Moscow Region, 141980 |
10b | Peleng company | A. Polevik | Entuziastov St-5a
Box 25, Dubna,Moscow Region, 141980 |
10c | Geoton Company | O. Uspenskii | Entuziastov St-5a
Box 55, Dubna,Moscow Region, 141980 |
11 | Gydropribor Research Institute | Dr. A. Zakharchenko
Director | A. Samsonievskii Pr.-24, 194175,
St.-Petersburg (812) 542 25 59 |
12. | Vodtranspribor | Dr. S.Rozhkovskii
Director | Serdobolnaya St.-64
197376, St.Petersburg (812) 245 35 73 |
13. | Mariecoprom Scientific Industrial Association (SIA) | Dr. I. Nestorenko
General Director | 3350000
Sevastopol, Ukraine 520-274 592-444 |
14. | Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering (RUBIN) | Dr. A. Zavalishin
First Deputy Head | Marata St.-90
191126 St.Petersburg |
15 | Malakhite | Dr. A. Kuteinikov | Frunze St.-18
196135, St.-Petersburg |
16 | Lazurit Central Design Bureau | Dr. N. Kvasha
General Designer and Director | Svobody St.-57
Nizhny Novgorod 603040 (831) 2-25 84 00 (831) 2-25 13 29 |
The last three, RUBIN, MALAKHITE and LAZURIT are the main Russian companies that design submarines and deep-sea submersibles. They are the primary customers of hydro acoustic technologies.
Peer Reviewed Journals:
1. Abaimov S, Ribak S. Wave of nonstability in a laminar border
layer //J. of Acoustical Physics, 1997. v.43. N5. p.581.
2. Abakumova N, Galkin O. The Influence of changing features
of wave-guide on laws of decline of sound fields in the ocean.
//. J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43. N3. p.293-298.
3. Abakumova N, Galkin O., Lisanov Yu. The Spatial Structure
of a Hydro acoustic Field of an Undersea Earthquake at Large Distances
in the Ocean. // J. of Acoustical Physics. 1997. v.43. N6. p.725-729.
4. Ageeva N. The Investigations of Sound Propagation in the Black
Sea // J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43. N2. p274-276.
5. Akimkin N, Egerev S. Status of the Science Cities // State
on places, 1997, 9-10
6. Alexeev V, Ribak S, Semenov A. About the Acoustic Radiation
Pressure on Curls // J. of Acoustical Physics. 1997. v.43. N1.
p.5-10.
7. Alexeev V, Ribak S. The Influence of Size Distribution of
Bubbles on Sound Propagation in Mediums with Resonance Dispersion
// J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.6. p.730-736.
8. Alibegov T, Vovk A. The Absorption of Sound by Thin Layers
// J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43. N4. p.543.
9. Aredov A., Furduev A. The Focusing of Surface Sources of Sea
Noise //J. of Acoustical Physics. 1997. v.43. N5. p.696-699.
10. Baikov S, Tikhonova T. The Choice of the Form of Lens for
wide-angle Lens Imaging Camera// // J. of Acoustical Physics 1997.
v.43. N6. p.749.
11. Bogorov G., Ilin L., Skornaykova N. About spatial variations
of placement of Fe-Mg sediments (Klarion-Klapperton bank)// Oceanology.
-1997. -v37, N2.-p.285-294.12
12. Vadov R, Guzhavina D, Dvornikov S. Some experimental data
on horizontal anisotropy of reverberation.// J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43. N3. p.409.
13. Vadov R. The Observation of caustics in ocean and determination of their location under different frequencies of radiation //
J. of Acoustical Physics. 1997. v.43. N4. p.470.
14. Vadov R. The Influence of continental declivity and shelf
on the structure and energy of a signal, propagating to the shore
// J. of Acoustical Physics. 1997. v.43. N5. p.606.
15. Vadov R. Some results of the study of energy features of sound
propagation in the Black Sea // J. of Acoustical Physics. 1997.
v.43. N2. p.276-278.
16. Volovov V, Govorov A . The Calibration of multi-element acoustic
arrays in natural conditions // J. Of Acoustical Physics. 1997.
v.43. N3. p.328.
17. Volovov V, Govorov A. New Approaches to Acoustic mapping
of the ocean bottom // J. of Acoustical Physics. 1997. v.43. N4.
p.476.
18. Volovov V, Govorov A About acoustic mapping of ocean bottom
under different horizons of viewing//. J. of Acoustical Physics..
1997. v.43. N6. p.849.
19. Vlasenko V, Sabinin K. et al The investigation of the dynamics
of tides in region of shelf edge //Oceanology, 1997. v.37. N5.
p.668-679.
20. Vlasenko V, Sabinin K. et al The investigation of tides on
USA shelf zone // "Physics of atmosphere and ocean",
1997. v.33. N5. p.702-714.
21. Galkin O. et al . Spatial variability of acoustic response
of ocean waveguide including shelf zone. // J. of Acoustical Physics
1997. v.43. N4. p.486-491.
22. Galkin O. Azimuth Variability of Spatial Correlation of Explosion
signals. //. J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43. N5. p.616-621.
23. Golyamina I. The Magnetostrictive nickel-based alloys // "Metals
and thermal processing of metals", 1997. N3. p.20-22
24. Golyamina I., Hawks È.Ã. Micro-crystalline magnetostrictive
alloys Fe-12% Al for acoustic transducers //. "Steel",
1997. N3. p.67-73.
25. Dronov G. Variations of ocean noise with depth // J. of Acoustical
Physics 1997. v.43. N5. p.709-710.
26. Gulin E., Malishev K. The Influence of refraction on fluctuations
of acoustic sea signals // J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43.
N5. p.635.
27. Gulin E., The Experimental studies of fluctuations of pulsed
acoustic signals //. J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43. N2. p.278-279.
28. Gulin E The Study of fluctuations of acoustic signals in near-surface
and underwater sound channels //. J. of Acoustical Physics 1997.
v.43. N6. p.804-809.
29. Gurova I., Kapustina O. Instability of Granjan's texture of
cholesteric liquid crystal in an ultrasonic field // J. of Acoustical
Physics. 1997. v.43. N3. p.338.
30. Dedenko L., Jeleznirh I., Furduev A. The possibility of deep-water
acoustic neutrino detection // The bulletin of Russian Academy
of Sciences, physics, 1997. v.61. N3. p.593-597.
31. Dubrovskii N. Sonar analyzer of Afalina
dolphins// In monograph "Black Sea Dolphins, "Science".
Moscow, 1997. p.544-574.
32. Dubrovskii N., Rimskaya-Korsakova L. The Determination of
parameters of models of hearing neurons, participating in separation
of sound modulation : neuronal periodical modulation . // J. of
Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43. N4. p.492-500.
33. Egerev S.. Russian science community //Bulletin of Russian
Academy of Science, 1997,1
34. Egerev S. et al Propagation of an acoustic pulse of finite
amplitude in granulated medium // J. of Acoustical Physics 1997.
v.43. N5. p.648.
35. Svet V. et al. Determination of range to a target placed under
a scattering layer // J. Of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43. N2.
p.187.
36. Ivanov Yu. " Reconstruction of 3D spatial scenes"
// "Geoinformatics". 1997. N3. -M
37. Klyuev M Peculiarities of inverse scattering by Fe-Mg sediments.
J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43. N2. p.194.
38. Kravtsov Yu et al Fine structure of atmosphere adjacent to
a cool atmospheric front in radar scenes of sea surface // Study
of land from cosmos, 1997. v.4. p.3-12.
39. Kryaszev F. Kudryashov V. Long distance propagation of sound
in Arctic region // J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43. N2. p.203-210.
40. Kudryashov V Simulation of acoustic fields in arctic waveguides
based on vertical arrays //. J. of Acoustical Physics . 1997.
v.43. N6. p.810.
41. Lisanov Yu. Capture of hydroacoustical waves generated by
undersea earthquakes in deep ocean //. J. of Acoustical Physics.
1997. v.43. N1. p.92.
42. Lyamshev L. Reflection, Resonance Scattering and Radiation
of Sound by Elastic Bodies in Water. J. of Acoustical Physics
1997. v.43. N2. P. 280-282.
43. Lyamshev L. Lyamshev M. Lazer thermo-optical excitation of
sound in waveguide with fractal medium. . J. of Acoustical Physics
1997. v.43. N6. p.821.
44. Margulis M., Margulis I. Electric phenomena on surfaces of
pulsing cavitation bubbles //J. of Physical Chemistry, 1997, ò.71,
N10, p.1890-1895.
45. Margulis M Electric phenomena at fission of cavitation bubbles
// J. of Physical Chemistry 1997, v.71, N10, p. 1885-1889.
46. Margulis M et al Peculiarities of cavitation in water at low
temperatures, J. of Physical Chemistry 1997, v.71, N9, p.1719-1722..
47. Margulis M. et al About composition of cavitation bubble during
its pulsation and collapse // J. of Physical Chemistry, 1997,
v.71, N8.
48. Mikryukov M., Popov O. Graphic method of estimation of normal
wave dispersion in the deep ocean // J. of Acoustical Physics
1997. v.43. N3. p.386.
49. Mironov M., Orekhov D. Bi-mode Muffler for Narrow pipes with
water // J. of Acoustical Physics. 1997. V.43. N4. p.531.
50. Pankova S. "Temporal spectra and correlation structure
of sound fields on long distances in deep ocean" // J. of
Acoustical Physics. 1997. v.43. N6. P. 794-800.
51. Priimak G. Studies of statistical parameters of the sea and
their influence on an acoustic field // J. of Acoustical Physics.
1997. v.43. N2. p.282-283.
52. Pyatakov P., Chaban. A. . Photo-acoustic phenomena in structures
containing photorefractive crystals under external electric fields
//. J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43. N3. p.391.
53. Rastorguev D. Study of variations in electromechanical properties
of piezoelectric materials by method of piezoelectric motors //
Instruments and technique of experiment.. -1997. N1. p.155-158.
54. Sabinin K. "Study of tide dynamics in a region of the
shelf edge " // "Study of Land and Cosmos". 1997.
N4. p.3-12.
55. Skrinnikov Yu. Quasi-stationary solution of resonance dispersion
equation with viscosity //. J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43.
N6. p.839.
56. Studenichnik N. Development of methods of study of sound fields
in undersea waveguides //J. of Acoustical Physics. 1997. v.43.
N2. p.283-286.
57. Galibin N. . Inverse surface sound scattering as an instrument
for study of waves in ocean //// J. of Acoustical Physics. 1997.
v.43. N3. p.333-357.
58. Tuytekin V. The Model of a 2D active sound absorption system
//.// J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43. N2. p.23
59. Tuytekin V. The reciprocity principle in the problem of sound
wave propagation through a layered non-homogeneous medium // J.
of Acoustical Physics. 1997. v.43. N2. p.570.
60. Tuytekin V. Modeling of sound absorbers synthesized based
on mechanical resonators // J. of Acoustical Physics 1997. v.43.
N5. p.681.
61. Tuytekin V., Vovk A. The peculiarities of wave transformation
reflection from impedance load in a solid, hard body // J. of
Acoustical Physics. 1997. v.43. N6. p.792-793.
62. Urusovskii I. Enhancement of Sound Absorption of non-homogeneous
sound wave by thin absorbing intermediate layers // J. of Acoustical
Physics.. 1997. v.43. N2. p.268.
63. Urusovskii I. About 6D interpretation of Universe expansion
// Foreign radioelectronics, 1997. v.5. p.75-79.
64. Chaban I. Correlation Function of ordered areas in non-local
diffusion theory of wave propagation in liquids with high viscosity
// J. of Acoustical Physics. 1997. v.43. N5. p.714.
65. Chaban I The peculiarities of light dissipation in diluted solutions of ethylene glycol; a proof of the existence
of a net of hydrogen bonds //J. of the Physical Chemistry. 1997.
v.71. N12. p.2183-2187.
66. Bibikov N.G. Enhancement of the response of auditory units
to sinusoidal AM in the presence of low frequency modulation //
J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 1997, 101, 5, pt2.3085.
67. Bibikov N.G., Grubnik O.N. Responses to intensity increments
and decrements in different types of midbrain auditory units of
the frog // "Acoustical signal processing in the central
auditory system" 1997, Plenum Press: N-Y. P.271-277.
68. Chaban A.A. Photovoltaic effect in layered structures in high
temperatures // Ferroelectric Letters. 1997. V.22. N5/6. P.153-158.
69. Dubrovsky N.A., Rimskaya-Korsakova L.K. Identification of
sound modulations by a neural network model of the auditory system
// Pattern recognition image analysis. (MAIK Nauka / Interperiodica
Publishing, 1996). Ul'yanovsk. 1997. 6(2 pp.255-257.
70. Egerev S.V. Optoacoustics of Oceans // In: Progress in Photothermal
and Photoacoustic Science and Technology. Vol. III. Life and Earth
Sciences, Eds. A.Mandelis and P.Hess, 1997, SPIE Optical Engineering
Press, Bellingham, p. 379-315.
71. Egerev S.V., Fokin A.V. Freguency-domain photoacoustic technique
for measuring the absolute optical absorption coefficient using
three-chamber cell // Chinese J of Acoust. 1997. V.16. N2. P.189-192.
72. Fokin A.V. A description of the thermoelastic response of layered media by matrix formalism // Acta Physica Sinica.
1997. V.6. N8. P.574-577.
73. Lyamshev L.M. Sound Radiation by flat layered structures // JASA. 1997. V.101. P.F.2. P.3132.
74. Malkin S., Puchenkov O. Photoacoustic Effect in Photosynthesis // In: Progress in Photothermal and Photoacoustic Science and
Technology. Vol. III. Life and Earth Sciences, Eds. A.Mandelis and P.Hess, 1997, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham,
p. 17-56.
75. Rybak S.A., Zozulya O.M. One-dimensional instability of wavepackets in media with resonant dispersion // Physica A 241(1997), pp.128-132.
76. Svet V.D., Sizov V.I., Baikov S.V. High - Speed Ultrasound
2D-Imaging Camera // Acoustical Imaging. 1997. V.23. pp.255-260.
Plenum Press
77. Svet V.D., Kondratieva T.V., Zuikova N.V. Trajectory Estimation
of a Moving Target in a Medium with Strong Scattering // Acoustical
Imaging. 1997. V.23. pp.555-562. Plenum Press
1998
1.Borodin V.V., Galaktionov M.Yu.: Application of The Forward-Scattering Method to Underwater Acoustics Problems. To be published in Applied Physics Institute Publications, Nizhniy Novgorod, 1998.
2.Borodin V.V., Galaktionov M.Yu. and Lekomtsev V.M: Theoretical and Simulation Study of Optimization of Observer's Maneuver. Manuscript.
3.Galaktionov M.Yu.: Study on Forward-Scattered Reverberation in Shallow Water Environments: Theoretical Model, Computer Simulation and Experiment. Manuscript.
4.Galaktionov M.Yu.: New Combined Numerical Model of Sound
Scattering from Rough Surfaces with Complex Spectral Characteristics:
Simulation and Experimental Verification. Manuscript.
1991-1997 selected
5.Borodin V.V., Galaktionov M.Yu.: New Mathematical Model of Sound Field Fluctuations in Shallow Water Environments with Boundary and Volume Roughness. In: Field Forming in Shallow Water Environments, Applied Physics Institute Editions, Nizhniy Novgorod, 1997.
Contents and bibliography analysis ixn Russian (40kB Zipped MS-Winword 6.0).
6.Borodin V.V., Galaktionov M.Yu. and Mamayev A.V.: Numerical and Experimental Study of Sound Field Forming in Shallow Water Environment. In: Proceedings of the IWUAETHC'97 Conference, Harbin, China, 1997.
7.Borodin V.V., Galaktionov M.Yu. and Mamayev A.V.: Numerical and Experimental Study of Sound Field Forming in Shallow Water Environment. In: Field Forming in Shallow Water Environments, Applied Physics Institute Editions, Nizhniy Novgorod, 1997.
8.Borodin V.V., Galaktionov M.Yu., Minassian G.R.: General Statistical Approach to Acoustical Tomography of The Ocean. In: Galaktionov M.Yu. (Ed.) Recent aspects of Russian Underwater acoustics, IFREMER Editions, 1994.
9.Andreeva I.B., Galaktionov M.Yu.: Numerical Models of
Sound Scattered from Isolated sea Organisms. In: Galaktionov M.Yu. (Ed.) Recent aspects of Russian Underwater acoustics, IFREMER Editions, 1994.
10.Borodin V.V., Galaktionov M.Yu. and G.R. Minasian: Universal Wave Statistical Approach to Acoustical Tomography of The Ocean. In Proceedings of the OCEANS'94 OSATES Conference, 1994.
11.Galaktionov M.Yu.: SSS - Sonar Simulation System. Set of tools for computer simulation of underwater sound propagation and sonar system modeling. User's guide 1998.
12.Diffused Sound Angular-Frequency Spectrum of The Ocean Wave Surface: Application and Numerical Investigation of The Small-Slope Method. Proceeding of the 2nd European Conference on Underwater Acoustics, Copenhagen, 1994.
13.Modeling of Angle Structure and Attenuation Coefficient of Total Field of an Acoustical Source in The Ocean with Scattering from the Sea Surface and the Sea Bottom. Proceedings of the 3rd French Conference on Acoustics, 1994.
14.Estimation of Sound Fluctuations in The Ocean by Using Ray Theory and Mean Intensity Approach. Report, IFREMER, 1993.
15.Computation of Directivity of Sea Ambient Noise with Account
to Multiple Scattering from Sea Wave Surface. In Proceeding of
the 2nd French Conference on Acoustics, J.de Physique Editions,
1992.
7. HIGH POWER TRANSDUCERS FROM THE ATOLL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE
7.1 UNDERWATER ELECTRIC DISCHARGE ACOUSTIC SOURCE
7.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC SOURCE 0F UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC PULSES
7.3 UNDERWATER MAGAZINE-TYPE WIDE-BAND ELECTRODYNAMIC SOURCE WITH REACTIVE COMPONENT COMPENSATION
APPENDIX I.
1. CENTRAL BUREAU FOR MARINE ENJINEERING (RUBIN)
90 Marat St.
St.Petersburg 191126
RUBIN specializes in submarines and other underwater technologies. The submarines "Typhoon", "Oscar" and "Komsomolets" were designed here.
Because of conversion, only about 35 % of the work is presently defense related.
Their new projects are associated with high-speed trains, nonmilitary submarines and tourist submersibles. RUBIN has designed a tourist submersible which is now in service (island of Antigua in the Caribean). Other applications in which Rubin has expertise are coal and nuclear power stations, floating nuclear power stations for northern parts of Russia, gas and oil exploration and production.
It is interesting to note that this company still has about
2000 employees and practically did not reduced the staff after
the collapse of USSR.
2.ST.-PETERSBURG MARINE ENGINEERING BUREAU (MALACHITE)
18 Frunze St.
St.-Petersburg 196135
MALACHITE is one of the leading firms in Russian underwater shipbuilding, having built the first Soviet nuclear submarine "Leninsky Komsomol" Malachite is participating in the conversion program having a strong experience in the design of different types of submarines, submersibles and underwater machinery.
Examples:
3. LAZURIT CENTRAL DESIGN BUREAU (LAZURIT)
57,Svobody St.
Nizhny Novgorod 603040
Russia
Tel. 7 831 225-84 00
Fax 7-831 225 13 29
Dr. Nikolai Kvasha
General Director
The Bureau used to design the nuclear attack submarine, "Sierra" diesel-electric submarine "Whisky" and submersible rescue vehicles of "Poseidon" class.
The present direction of the conversion program:
The Office of Naval Research, Europe is dedicated to providing current information on scientific and technological development in European countries. In order to better meet your need, our Associate Directors and Scientists are very much interested in knowing what your specific science and technology interests are. Please keep me informed.
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Igor Vodyanoy Ph.D.
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