2. James Turner Johnson and John Kelsay, eds., "Historical Roots and Sources of the Just War Tradition in Western Culture," Just War and Jihad: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on War and Peace in Western and Islamic Traditions (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), 5.

3. James Turner Johnson and George Weigel, Just War and the Gulf War (Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1991), 21.

4. "Jihad" may refer to an internal struggle of faith, but, as noted by IRNA, a U.S. Islamic group, objecting to Vice-President Gore's use of the term to refer to political struggles with Congress, stated that the full meaning of "jihad" in Islam is a "holy war fought by Muslims against those who reject Islam." IRNA, "Islamic Group in U.S. Objects to Gore's Misuse of Word 'JIHAD," October 14, 1995.

5. Abdilaziz Sachedina, "The Development of Jihad in Islamic Revelation and History," in James Turner Johnson and John Kelsay, Cross, Crescent, and Sword: The Justification and Limitation of War in Western and Islamic Tradition (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990), 45.

6. Ibid., 43 (emphasis added). See also: Mayer, in Kelsay and Johnson, 202-205.

7. Mayer, in Kelsay and Johnson, 197-8. This author asserts that "in practice, the premodern Shari'a rules pertaining to the conduct of war are in abeyance" but elsewhere notes that Khomeini's application of third-world anti-Imperialism add a more aggressive approach than even pre-modern Islamic interpretations.

8. FBIS-NES-95-191, "Army Chief of Staff on Combating U.S. Threat," Ettela'at, September 24, 1995.

9. Mayer, in Kelsay and Johnson, 207.

10. Shahram Chubin, "Does Iran Want Nuclear Weapons," Survival 37, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 90.

11. Katzman, 133.

12. Dr. Mohammad Reza Hafez-Niya, "The Geopolitics of the Three Islands (Abu Musa, Greater and Lesser Tunbs)," Pasdar-e Eslam, FBIS-NES-93-120, June 24,1993.

13. Harold Hough, "Iranian Intentions: The Strait of Hormuz or Beyond?" Jane's Intelligence Review 7, no. 10 (October 1995): 454.

14. FBIS, AL-SHARQ AL-AWSAT, "Gulf Circles Observe Tehran's Choices," June 12, 1993.

15. FBIS-NES-95-060, IRNA, "Navy Commander: U.S. Forces' Presence in Gulf 'Illegal'," March 28, 1995.

16. FBIS-NES-95-121, Tehran Times, "Editorial Views Significance of 'Ashura Exercises," June 23, 1995.

17. FBIS-NES-96-004, JOMHURI-YE ESLAMI, "Bushehr Naval Commander Interviewed on Activities," December 26, 1995.

18. Ibid.

19. FBIS-NES-95-237, AFP, "Navy Chief: Ready for '80-Year War' for Islands," December 10, 1995.

20. FBIS, "Gulf Circles Observe Tehran's Choices."

21. FBIS, IRNA, "Khamene'i Addresses IRGC Commanders, Officials," December 26, 1995.

22. FBIS, Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran, "Commentary on Ayatollah Khamene'i Speech," December 27, 1995.

23. FBIS, Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network, "Friday Sermon" January 22, 1993.

24. FBIS, IRNA, "President Addresses Senior Commanders," December 25, 1995.