DATE=5/01/97 TYPE=NEW HORIZONS #1967 NUMBER=3-27236 TITLE=BANNING CHEMICAL WEAPONS BYLINE=BRIAN CISLAK TELEPHONE=619-3529 DATELINE=WASHINGTON EDITOR=SWANEY CONTENT= (INSERTS AVAILABLE IN AUDIO SERVICES) TAPE: MUSIC THEME ANNCR: NEW HORIZONS!!!! TAPE: MUSIC THEME ANNCR: THE VOICE OF AMERICA PRESENTS -- NEW HORIZONS -- A WEEKLY PROGRAM ON DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE. TODAY -- "BANNING CHEMICAL WEAPONS" -- A LOOK AT THE NEW INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION: WHAT IT IS, WHAT IT DOES, WHOM IT AFFECTS. TAPE: MUSIC THEME TAPE: CUT ONE -- MIKULAK: (:11) "THIS IS A PRETTY FAR REACHING PROHIBITION. IN FACT, IT'S A TRUE DISARMAMENT MEASURE. IT'S INTENDED TO COMPLETELY ELIMINATE CHEMICAL WEAPONS AS A WEAPON IN NATIONAL ARSENALS." TEXT: ROBERT MIKULAK (PRON: MICK-U-LACK), CHIEF OF THE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL POLICY DIVISION AT THE U.S. ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT AGENCY. THE AGENCY HAD A LEADING ROLE IN NEGOTIATING THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION, WHICH TOOK EFFECT APRIL 29TH. TAPE: CUT TWO -- MIKULAK: (:19) "WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION? SIMPLY PUT, IT'S AN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT THAT BANS POISON GAS WEAPONS -- BANS WEAPONS CONTAINING NERVE GAS, MUSTARD GAS, EVEN SOME OF THE OLDER WEAPONS CONTAINING COMMON COMMERCIAL CHEMICALS LIKE HYDROGEN CYANIDE AND PHOSGENE." TEXT: POISON GAS WEAPONS, FIRST USED EXTENSIVELY IN WORLD WAR ONE IN THE FORM OF MUSTARD GAS, HAVE LONG BEEN CONDEMNED FOR THEIR LETHALITY AND THEIR WIDESPREAD POTENTIAL FOR HARM, BOTH TO SOLDIERS AND TO CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO BAN OR CONTROL CHEMICAL WEAPONS BEGAN ALMOST AS SOON AS THEY WERE DEVELOPED. AN INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION RESTRICTING THEIR USE IN WAR WAS CONCLUDED AT GENEVA IN 1925. NEVERTHELESS THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SOPHISTICATED AND LETHAL CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS PERSISTED INTO THE 1930'S AND '40'S, WHEN NAZI GERMANY DEVELOPED THE FIRST NERVE GAS AGENTS, WHICH CAUSE RAPID DEATH BY PARALYSIS. THESE WERE NOT USED IN WORLD WAR TWO -- IT IS BELIEVED, DUE TO GERMAN FEARS OF POSSIBLE RETALIATION IN KIND. POSTWAR DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS BY THE SUPERPOWERS LED TO CONCERNS OVER PROLIFERATION AND THE POTENTIAL FOR THEIR USE IN REGIONAL CONFLICTS. THEIR RELATIVE EASE OF PRODUCTION BY ANY NATION WITH CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING CAPABILITIES CAUSED THEM TO BE DUBBED "THE POOR MAN'S ATOMIC BOMB." ROBERT MIKULAK EXPLAINS: TAPE: CUT THREE -- MIKULAK: (:56) "AT THAT TIME WE WERE WORRIED PRIMARILY ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION. LATER ON, IT BECAME APPARENT THAT CHEMICAL WEAPONS WERE STARTING TO PROLIFERATE. THE IRAQIS, FOR EXAMPLE, USED CHEMICAL WEAPONS IN THEIR WAR WITH IRAN AND AGAINST THEIR OWN KURDISH POPULATION DURING THE 1980'S. SINCE THE END OF THE COLD WAR, THAT PROBLEM HAS ACCELERATED. THESE DAYS WE ESTIMATE THAT APPROXIMATELY 20 COUNTRIES EITHER HAVE CHEMICAL WEAPONS OR ARE INTERESTED IN ACQUIRING THEM -- HAVE SOME KIND OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS PROGRAM. "IT'S A SCARY THOUGHT, PARTICULARLY IF YOU LOOK AT WHERE THOSE COUNTRIES ARE. THEY TEND TO BE PRIMARILY IN THE MIDDLE EAST, THOUGH CHINA, FOR EXAMPLE, WE THINK HAS A CHEMICAL WEAPONS PROGRAM. RUSSIA STILL HAS A CHEMICAL WEAPONS PROGRAM. NORTH KOREA PROBABLY HAS A CHEMICAL WEAPONS PROGRAM. AND THERE ARE A NUMBER OF OTHERS. SO IT'S A WORLDWIDE PROBLEM. IT'S NOT JUST A BILATERAL PROBLEM ANYMORE." TEXT: IN 1969, PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON UNILATERALLY RENOUNCED USE BY THE UNITED STATES OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS. LATER, THE UNITED STATES BEGAN DESTROYING ITS CHEMICAL WEAPONS STOCKPILES -- A PROCESS THAT CONTINUES TO THIS DAY. IN THE 1970'S AND '80'S, SERIOUS EFFORTS GOT UNDERWAY TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE INTERNATIONAL TREATY, WHICH WOULD BAN THE USE, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILING OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND MANDATE THEIR DESTRUCTION. THIS EFFORT CULMINATED IN THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION, SIGNED IN PARIS ON JANUARY 12, 1993, WHICH BECAME EFFECTIVE ON APRIL 29TH OF THIS YEAR. A FEW DAYS EARLIER, THE U.S. SENATE VOTED TO RATIFY THE TREATY, MAKING THE UNITED STATES THE 73RD SIGNATORY TO DO SO. WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION AND WHAT MAKES IT DIFFERENT FROM PREVIOUS EFFORTS TO RESTRICT CHEMICAL WARFARE? ROBERT MIKULAK OF THE ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT AGENCY EXPLAINS: TAPE: CUT FOUR -- MIKULAK: (1:10) "MORE SPECIFICALLY THEN, THE TREATY BANS POISON GAS, BUT WHAT EXACTLY DOES IT DO? IT MAKES POISON GAS WEAPONS ILLEGAL. THEY HAVEN'T BEEN ILLEGAL UNTIL NOW. IT'S BEEN LEGAL TO STOCKPILE THEM AND A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES HAVE. AND IT CREATES A VERIFICATION AND ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM TO ENSURE THAT COUNTRIES LIVE UP TO THEIR COMMITMENTS UNDER THE TREATY. "IN TERMS OF THE SCOPE OF THE TREATY, IT BANS NOT ONLY USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS, AS IMPORTANT AS THAT IS, BUT IT ALSO BANS ALL THE ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ACQUIRING CHEMICAL WEAPONS -- BANS DEVELOPMENT, BANS PRODUCTION, BANS STOCKPILING. AND IT REQUIRES THAT ALL EXISTING STOCKPILES, ALL EXISTING CHEMICAL WEAPONS PRODUCTION FACILITIES, BE DECLARED AND DESTROYED. SO UNDER THE TREATY, THE UNITED STATES, FOR EXAMPLE, WOULD MAKE A VERY DETAILED DECLARATION OF ITS CHEMICAL WEAPONS STOCKS, PRODUCTION FACILITIES, AND WOULD BE OBLIGATED TO DESTROY THESE OVER A TEN YEAR PERIOD. THE SAME WOULD GO FOR ANY OTHER COUNTRY THAT HAS CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND CHEMICAL WEAPONS PRODUCTION FACILITIES." TEXT: TO ENSURE THAT COUNTRIES ARE, IN FACT, DESTROYING THEIR STOCKPILES, A SYSTEM OF ROUTINE INSPECTION IS BEING SET UP IN THE HAGUE WITH 250 INSPECTORS DRAWN FROM THE NATIONS THAT HAVE RATIFIED THE TREATY. THEY WOULD BE DISPATCHED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD TO CHECK FACILITIES AND VERIFY COMPLIANCE. MOST OF THE DETAILED INSPECTIONS WOULD BE OF MILITARY FACILITIES. BUT SOME OF THE CHEMICALS THAT COULD BE USED IN WEAPONS -- HYDROGEN CYANIDE AND PHOSGENE, FOR EXAMPLE -- ARE SO-CALLED "DUAL USE" -- THAT IS, THEY HAVE LEGITIMATE COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS. SO CERTAIN CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING PLANTS COULD BE TARGETED FOR INSPECTION. IT WAS THIS LATTER POSSIBILITY THAT PROMPTED THE CONVENING OF A SPECIAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS TREATY AT LAST MONTH'S MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY IN SAN FRANCISCO. DURING THE DEBATE ON RATIFICATION OF THE TREATY, CONCERNS WERE RAISED THAT INSPECTIONS OF COMMERCIAL PLANTS MIGHT BE INTRUSIVE, OR MIGHT COMPROMISE TRADE SECRETS -- PUTTING COMPANIES AT COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGE. BUT MARY BETH KELLEHER OF THE CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION -- THE MAIN U.S. INDUSTRY GROUP -- SAYS THE LEAKAGE OF PROPRIETARY INFORMATION DURING TREATY-MANDATED INSPECTIONS IS A NON-PROBLEM. THE REASON, AS SHE EXPLAINED AT THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY MEETING, IS THAT INDUSTRY HAD BEEN INVOLVED FROM THE VERY BEGINNING IN ADVISING TREATY NEGOTIATORS ON WAYS TO PROTECT AGAINST THAT POSSIBILITY: TAPE: CUT FIVE -- KELLEHER: (:53) "THROUGHOUT THOSE NEGOTIATIONS, REPRESENTATIVES OF SEVERAL US CHEMICAL INDUSTRY SECTORS, SUCH AS THE BASIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS, PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURERS AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS, PROVIDED TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND INPUT TO THE U.S GOVERNMENT DELEGATION NEGOTIATING THE CONVENTION. "U.S. INDUSTRY ALSO HELPED COORDINATE AN INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRY GROUP REPRESENTING THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, JAPAN, EUROPE, CANADA AND AUSTRALIA. INDUSTRY'S INVOLVEMENT IN NEGOTIATION AND ONGOING IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TREATY STEMS FROM ITS COMMITMENT TO PREVENT ANY DIVERSION OF ITS LEGITIMATE PRODUCTS TO ILLEGAL USES. THE U.S. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY DOES NOT MAKE CHEMICAL WEAPONS. BUT THE SUCCESSFUL DETERRENCE OF THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS THREAT REQUIRES INDUSTRY INPUT AND SUPPORT." TEXT: MS. KELLEHER ADDS THAT THERE ARE FEWER THAN 200 FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES THAT COULD EXPECT TO BE INSPECTED UNDER THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION. ROUGHLY 18-HUNDRED OTHERS -- PRODUCERS OF SO-CALLED "DISCRETE," OR BASIC, ORGANIC CHEMICALS -- WOULD FILL OUT A FORM INDICATING VOLUME OF PRODUCTION. BUT AS LARRY HALL OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EXPLAINS, MOST PLANTS -- SUCH AS THOSE THAT PRODUCE RAW MATERIALS FOR THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY -- WOULD BE EXEMPT FROM DECLARATION OR INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS: TAPE: CUT SIX -- HALL: (:39) "THESE EXEMPTIONS WERE WORKED OUT WITH INDUSTRY AND WILL REDUCE THE NUMBER OF FIRMS THAT WILL BE REQUIRED TO SUBMIT DISCRETE ORGANIC CHEMICAL DECLARATIONS. EXCLUDED ARE DOC (DISCRETE ORGANIC CHEMICAL) PLANT SITES THAT PRODUCE EXPLOSIVES EXCLUSIVELY, PRODUCE HYDROCARBONS EXCLUSIVELY SUCH AS ETHYLENE AND BENZENE....... REFINE SULFUR-CONTAINING CRUDE OIL, PRODUCE OLIGOMERS AND POLYMERS AND PRODUCE UNSCHEDULED CHEMICALS VIA BIOLOGICAL OR BIOMEDIATED PROCESS: THIS IS LIKE FERMENTED BEVERAGES OR FOOD PROCESSING." TEXT: IN ADDITION TO ROUTINE INSPECTIONS, THERE IS ANOTHER LEVEL OF SCRUTINY UNDER THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION CALLED A "CHALLENGE" INSPECTION. THAT IS ONE IN WHICH A MEMBER NATION SPECIFICALLY ACCUSES ANOTHER OF MANUFACTURING OR POSSESSING CHEMICAL WEAPONS AT A SPECIFIC LOCATION. EVERY SIGNATORY COUNTRY WILL DESIGNATE A CIVILIAN AGENCY TO ACT AS AN INTERMEDIARY BETWEEN THE INTERNATIONAL INSPECTION TEAMS AND THE FACILITIES BEING INSPECTED. IN THE UNITED STATES IT WILL BE THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, /// OPT /// AS LARRY HALL EXPLAINS: TAPE: CUT SEVEN -- HALL: (:45) "WHILE WE BELIEVE THAT VERY FEW CHALLENGE INSPECTIONS WILL TAKE PLACE, ANY THAT DO TAKE PLACE WILL LIKELY BE DIRECTED AT U.S. MILITARY FACILITIES. IN THE EVENT THERE IS A CHALLENGE INSPECTION OF A U.S. COMMERCIAL FACILITY, COMMERCE IS EXPECTED TO PLAY THE LEAD ROLE IN MANAGING ACCESS TO ENSURE THAT INSPECTORS PURSUE THE LEAST INTRUSIVE MEANS POSSIBLE TO GAIN REASONABLE ANSWERS TO REASONABLE QUESTIONS. A FIRM IS UNDER NO OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE INFORMATION UNRELATED TO A POSSIBLE VIOLATION OF THE CWC. AS WITH ROUTINE INSPECTIONS, COMMERCE INTENDS TO RELY HEAVILY ON THE JUDGMENTS OF A FIRM REGARDING WHAT CONSTITUTES THEIR CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION AND TO PROTECT FIRMS AGAINST UNREASONABLE QUESTIONS." /// END OPT /// TEXT: LEGAL EXPERTS SAY THAT THE FOURTH AMENDMENT TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION, WHICH PROTECTS CITIZENS AGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES OF THEIR PROPERTY, ALSO APPLIES TO COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES -- THOUGH TO A LESSER EXTENT THAN TO A PRIVATE RESIDENCE. EDWARD TANZMAN, AN ATTORNEY, IS MANAGER OF THE ECONOMICS AND LAW SECTION AT ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY -- A NUCLEAR RESEARCH FACILITY NEAR CHICAGO. HE SAYS THAT ALL INSPECTIONS UNDER THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION WOULD HAVE TO BE CARRIED OUT IN A MANNER CONSISTENT WITH CONSTITUTIONAL PRIVACY PROTECTIONS: TAPE: CUT EIGHT -- TANZMAN: (:46) "CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND TREATIES ARE RESOLVED BY COURTS IN FAVOR OF THE CONSTITUTION. TREATIES DO NOT TRUMP THE CONSTITUTION. IT'S THE OTHER WAY AROUND. SO AS A RESULT, INSPECTIONS UNDER THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION ARE SUBJECT TO THE PRIVACY PROTECTIONS PROVIDED BY THE FOURTH AMENDMENT. THIS MEANS THAT ANY INSPECTIONS OCCURRING IN THIS COUNTRY WILL HAVE TO PROCEED IN A VERY SPECIFIC MANNER THAT RESPECTS OUR TRADITIONAL VALUES. /// OPT /// AND WHAT YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND -- IF YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND ANYTHING ELSE ABOUT WHAT I'M TELLING YOU -- IS THAT THE CONSTITUTION IS GREATER THAN THE TREATY. THE CONSTITUTION WILL NOT BE VIOLATED BY THE TREATY." /// END OPT /// TEXT: MR. TANZMAN SAYS THESE PROTECTIONS WOULD INCLUDE ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL OVERSIGHT, INCLUDING SEARCH WARRANTS WHERE THE LAW WOULD NORMALLY REQUIRE THEM: TAPE: CUT NINE -- TANZMAN: (:21) /// OPT /// "THE FOURTH AMENDMENT CREATES A SET OF COMMON STANDARDS TO GUIDE GOVERNMENT SEARCHES UNDER A VARIETY OF LAWS. AS AMERICANS WE HAVE THE RIGHT TO EXPECT THAT THESE STANDARDS WILL BE FOLLOWED UNDER THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION, JUST AS THEY ARE FOLLOWED IN DOMESTIC INSPECTION SITUATIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS." /// END OPT /// TEXT: IF AN INSPECTION AT A CHEMICAL PLANT OR MILITARY FACILITY IS ORDERED, IT MUST BE CONDUCTED IN A MANNER THAT IS AS UNOBTRUSIVE, SPEEDY AND FOCUSED AS POSSIBLE. A KEY TO MEETING THESE REQUIREMENTS IS TO RESTRICT BOTH THE INSPECTION AND THE ANALYSIS OF ANY RETRIEVED CHEMICAL SAMPLES TO THE SITE BEING INSPECTED. CHARLES GALLAWAY OF THE U.S. DEFENSE DEPARTMENT'S SPECIAL WEAPONS AGENCY SAYS THIS REQUIREMENT HAD LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR ON-SITE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS: TAPE: CUT TEN -- GALLAWAY: (:44) "BACK IN 1993, MOST OF THE COMMUNITY WAS VERY SKEPTICAL THAT WE WOULD BE ABLE TO DO THAT. AT THAT TIME IT WAS PRETTY MUCH ASSUMED THAT YOU WOULD HAVE TO TAKE A SAMPLE AND TAKE IT BACK TO A LABORATORY AND DO THE ANALYSIS SOMEWHERE ELSE. THAT IS EXTREMELY INTRUSIVE BECAUSE YOU HAVE NO IDEA WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN TO THAT SAMPLE WHEN IT LEAVES YOUR SITE. "SO THE DEFENSE SPECIAL WEAPONS AGENCY HAS BEEN INSTRUMENTAL IN CONVINCING THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY THAT WE CAN DO EFFECTIVE ON-SITE ANALYSIS. WE'VE ALSO DEVELOPED TECHNIQUES TO CONVINCE THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY THAT WE CAN DO NON-INVASIVE SAMPLING OF CONTAINERS SO WE DON'T HAVE TO OPEN THINGS LIKE MUNITIONS THAT MAY HAVE CHEMICAL WEAPONS IN THEM OR CONTAINERS." TEXT: THE DEFENSE SPECIAL WEAPONS AGENCY IS EXPLORING A NUMBER OF "NON-INVASIVE" OR "NON-DESTRUCTIVE" SAMPLING TECHNIQUES. THESE INCLUDE ACOUSTIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY, WHICH CAN "READ" THE CHEMICAL CONTENTS INSIDE A CONTAINER BY BOMBARDING IT WITH SOUND WAVES. ANOTHER, CALLED THE PORTABLE ISOTOPIC NEUTRON SYSTEM, OR PINS, AIMS A BEAM OF NEUTRONS AT A CONTAINER, AND DETERMINES ITS CHEMICAL CONTENTS BY THE GAMMA RAYS THAT THEY EMIT. EFFORTS ARE ALSO UNDERWAY TO MAKE STANDARD LABORATORY ANALYTICAL TOOLS, LIKE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHS AND MASS SPECTROMETERS, MORE RUGGED AND PORTABLE, EASIER TO USE ON SITE: TAPE: CUT ELEVEN -- GALLAWAY: (:42) /// OPT /// "ONE OF THESE INSPECTIONS MAY GO INTO A SITE THAT HAS NO POWER, NO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS, SO YOU ESSENTIALLY HAVE TO CARRY ALL OF YOUR POWER IN WITH YOU, CARRY IN SOME KIND OF PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE IF THAT'S WHAT IT TAKES FOR YOU TO OPERATE IN......WE NEED TO BE FAST. WE THINK A SCREENING PROCESS SHOULD TAKE NO MORE THAN THREE MINUTES TO ACCOMPLISH. WE NEED TO MINIMIZE FALSE POSITIVES, BECAUSE IF WE HAVE TOO MANY FALSE POSITIVES WE'RE STILL GOING TO HAVE TO ANALYZE 'WAY TOO MANY SAMPLES. AND MAN-PORTABLE. WHAT WE'RE THINKING THERE IS SOMETHING THAT IS HAND-HELD -- PROBABLY WEIGHS TEN POUNDS (4.5 KILOS) OR LESS, BATTERY OPERATED SO THAT IT'S VERY USEFUL OUT IN THE FIELD. AND IT HAS TO BE RUGGED SO IT CAN GO OUT INTO SOME PRETTY HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS." /// END OPT /// TEXT: A KEY OBJECTIVE, ACCORDING TO MR. GALLOWAY, IS TO ENSURE THAT A CHEMICAL WEAPONS INVESTIGATION AT A PLANT OR A BASE REMAINS FOCUSED ON POTENTIAL TREATY VIOLATIONS, AND THAT IT DOES NOT WANDER INTO IRRELEVANT AREAS THAT COULD INVOLVE A COMPANY'S TRADE SECRETS OR NATIONAL SECURITY. HE SAYS THAT RECENT ADVANCES IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY CAN HELP MAKE SURE THAT THE INVESTIGATION REMAINS ON TRACK: TAPE: CUT TWELVE -- GALLOWAY: (:30) "OUR OBJECTIVE IS TO FIND ALL TREATY-RELEVANT CHEMICALS. WE WANT TO IDENTIFY THE CONTENTS OF MUNITIONS OR CLOSED CONTAINERS NON-INVASIVELY. THEN FINALLY TO ENSURE THAT IT'S NOT TOO INTRUSIVE, WE DON'T WHAT TO FIND OUT WHAT IS OUT THERE THAT IS NOT TREATY RELEVANT. SO WE'VE GONE TO WHAT IS CALLED 'MASKING SOFTWARE.' .... WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO IS AUTOMATICALLY SUPPRESS THE NON-RELEVANT OUTPUT SO THAT ONE DOES NOT LEARN ANYTHING THAT IS NOT RELATED TO THE TREATY." TEXT: THE MASKING SOFTWARE WOULD BE INCORPORATED INTO ALL SCREENING AND ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT, SO THAT THE ONLY RESULTS DISPLAYED ON A COMPUTER SCREEN OR PAPER READOUT WOULD BE FOR THOSE CHEMICALS THAT ARE SPECIFICALLY COVERED BY THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION. MR. GALLAWAY ADDS THAT, AS THESE TECHNOLOGIES ARE DEVELOPED, HIS AGENCY MAKES THEM AVAILABLE FREE OF CHARGE TO COMMERCIAL DESIGNERS AND MANUFACTURERS TO ENSURE THAT THEY ARE RAPIDLY EMBRACED AND USED -- EVERYWHERE IN THE WORLD. IN ADDITION TO MAKING CHEMICAL WEAPONS SCREENING TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE ELSEWHERE, THE UNITED STATES IS HELPING NATIONS WITH WEAPONS STOCKPILES TO PROPERLY DISPOSE OF THEM. ROBERT MIKULAK OF THE U.S. ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT AGENCY CITES THE EXAMPLE OF RUSSIA: TAPE: CUT THIRTEEN -- MIKULAK: (:58) "THE RUSSIAN STOCKPILE IS THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD -- 40-THOUSAND TONS OF NERVE AGENT AND MUSTARD AGENT. GETTING RID OF IT IS A VERY COMPLICATED TECHNICAL PROCESS WHERE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS HAVE TO BE PARAMOUNT. THE UNITED STATES, TO GET RID OF A SMALLER STOCKPILE, IS SPENDING 12-BILLION DOLLARS. THE RUSSIANS ESTIMATE THEIR OWN COSTS AT PERHAPS TWO TO THREE BILLION DOLLARS. THAT'S MONEY THEY DON'T HAVE RIGHT NOW. SO THEY'VE HAD TROUBLE GETTING THEIR PROGRAM UNDERWAY. THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN TRYING TO PROVIDE SOME TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND WE ARE DISCUSSING WITH THEM FUNDING A PILOT-SCALE NERVE AGENT DESTRUCTION FACILITY, WHICH WOULD BE THEIR FIRST NERVE AGENT (DESTRUCTION) FACILITY. /// OPT /// "BUT THE RUSSIANS WILL HAVE TO PAY FOR THE BULK OF THEIR PROGRAM THEMSELVES. IT'S THEIR RESPONSIBILITY, EVEN THOUGH WE'RE TRYING TO HELP THEM. AND THAT CERTAINLY IS A CONSIDERATION IN THE DUMA AS THEY CONSIDER ENTERING THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION WHICH REQUIRES DESTRUCTION OF ALL ITS STOCKPILES." /// END OPT /// TEXT: ULTIMATELY, THE GOAL IS NOT ONLY TO DESTROY CHEMICAL WEAPONS, BUT ALSO TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY TO ROGUE NATIONS THAT WOULD USE IT TO INTIMIDATE THEIR NEIGHBORS. MR. MIKULAK ADDS THAT, BY MAKING CHEMICAL WEAPONS ILLEGAL, THE CONVENTION WILL PROVIDE SIGNATORY NATIONS WITH LEGAL LEVERAGE OVER ONE-ANOTHER TO PREVENT TRANSFER OF MATERIALS OR KNOWHOW TO COUNTRIES OR FIRMS OUTSIDE OF THE CONVENTION THAT WOULD MISUSE THEM. THE TREATY CONTAINS A SYSTEM OF SANCTIONS THAT COULD CUT OFF TRADE EVEN IN COMMERCIAL, NON-WEAPONS-RELATED CHEMICALS WITH THOSE NATIONS -- SIGNATORIES OR NON-SIGNATORIES -- THAT DO NOT ABIDE BY NON-PROLIFERATION GUIDELINES. ALSO, ALL SIGNATORY COUNTRIES ARE REQUIRED TO INCORPORATE THE TREATY'S PROVISIONS INTO THEIR NATIONAL LAWS. THUS VIOLATORS WOULD BE SUBJECT TO CRIMINAL PROSECUTION. ANYONE CONVICTED OF MANUFACTURING OR SELLING CHEMICAL WEAPONS COULD THEREFORE GO TO PRISON. AS MR. MIKULAK SEES IT, IT'S ONLY THE "BAD GUYS" WHO WOULD BE HURT: TAPE: CUT FOURTEEN -- MIKULAK: (1:00) "THE UNITED STATES IS ALREADY GETTING OUT OF THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS BUSINESS. DURING THE MID-1980'S -- 1985 IT WAS DECIDED TO DESTROY OUR ENTIRE UNITARY CHEMICAL WEAPONS STOCKPILE. DURING OPERATION DESERT STORM, IT BECAME CLEAR TO OUR MILITARY THAT IT WAS NOT NECESSARY TO RETAIN ANY CHEMICAL WEAPONS AT ALL -- EITHER AS A DETERRENT OR AS A RETALIATORY MEASURE; THAT WE HAD OTHER MILITARY MEANS FOR DEALING WITH THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS THREAT. "SO YOU FIND UNIFORMLY OUR MILITARY LEADERS SAYING THE UNITED STATES DOESN'T NEED CHEMICAL WEAPONS. WE WANT TO GET OUT OF THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS BUSINESS, AND WE WANT OTHER PEOPLE TO GET OUT OF THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS BUSINESS, TOO. THAT'S ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL ADVANTAGES WE SEE IN THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION -- THAT IT WILL GET OTHER PEOPLE TO DO WHAT WE ARE ALREADY DOING OURSELVES." TAPE: MUSIC THEME ANNCR: YOU'VE BEEN LISTENING TO -- NEW HORIZONS -- A WEEKLY VOICE OF AMERICA PROGRAM ON DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE. TODAY YOU HEARD -- "BANNING CHEMICAL WEAPONS" -- A LOOK AT THE NEW INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION: WHAT IT IS, WHAT IT DOES, WHOM IT AFFECTS. THIS PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN AND PRODUCED BY BRIAN CISLAK. 01-May-97 2:41 PM EDT (1841 UTC) NNNN Source: Voice of America .