1. David Remnick, Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire (New York: Random House, 1993), pp. 277-279, 306-324, 357-372; John B. Dunlop, The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 186-254, 256-284.
2. Interview with Ambassador Lynn Hansen, U.S. Government CFE Treaty Negotiator, by Joseph P. Harahan, Historian, OSIA, Ramstein Air Base, Germany, December 14, 1993. See also Lynn M. Hansen, "Adaptation and Innovation: CFE and CFE1A, From Signature to Entry Into Force," unpublished report, December 1993, p. 2.
3. See note above, pp. 2-3; Michael R. Gordon, "Soviets Shift Many Tanks to Siberia," New York Times, November 15, 1990, p. A3; R. Jeffery Smith, "U.S., Soviets Disagree on Arms Cuts," Washington Post, December 17, 1990, pp. A1, A20.
4. Arms Control Reporter 1990, pp. 407.B.410-411, 407.B.413. See also Michael Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1993), pp. 289-290.
5. "State Treaty Signatory Powers Agree to Revisions," Die Presse (Vienna), December 12, 1990, in FBIS-Western Europe, December 3, 1990; Arms Control Reporter 1990, pp. 407.B.414-416. The best analysis is in Jane M.O. Sharp, "Conventional Arms Control in Europe," SIPRI Yearbook 1991, World Armaments and Disarmament, pp. 429-433.
6. Arms Control Reporter 1990, pp. 407.B.414-415; Sharp, "Conventional Arms Control in Europe" (1991), pp. 429-430.
7. Sharp, "Conventional Arms Control in Europe" (1991), pp. 429-430.
8. R. Jeffery Smith, "Soviets Said to be Removing Arms from Europe Before Treaty," Washington Post, October 5, 1990, p. A20; International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 1990-1991 (London: Brassey's Inc., 1990), pp. 31-32.
9. Sharp, "Conventional Arms Control in Europe" (1991), p. 429; James A. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1995), pp. 473-474, 477.
10. Sharp, "Conventional Arms Control in Europe" (1991), p. 420.
11. Arms Control Reporter 1990, pp. 407.B.414-415.
12. "Chernychev on CFE Treaty, Soviet Implementation," TASS (Moscow), November 22, 1990, in FBIS-Soviet Union, November 27, 1990.
13. Smith, "U.S., Soviets Disagree on Arms Cuts," Washington Post, December 17, 1990, pp. A1, A20; Arms Control Reporter 1990, pp. 407.B.413-414. For insights into the CFE Treaty delegations in Vienna, see Interview with Colonel Schuyler Foerster, USAF, U.S. Representative to the CFE Delegation, by Joseph P. Harahan, Historian, OSIA, Washington, D.C., May 19, 1994.
14. The best account of this meeting is in Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, pp. 289-290.
15. Ibid., p. 290.
16. Michael Z. Wise, " Soviets Face Criticism as Talks Begin on European Troops Cuts," Washington Post, February 15, 1991, p. A13 ; Arms Control Reporter 1990, pp. 407.B.427-428; Timothy J. McNulty, "Baker Urges Delay on Arms Treaty," Chicago Tribune, February 7, 1991; R. Jeffery Smith, "Soviet Dispute Threatens Arms Pact Approval," Washington Post, February 8, 1991, pp. A12, A16.
17. Sharp, "Conventional Arms Control in Europe" (1991), pp. 429-433.
18. Wire Service Report, "Sovietskaya Rossiya Acknowledges Shift of Weapons to Avoid Treaty," Reuters (Moscow), January 9, 1991.
19. Remnick, Lenin's Tomb, pp. 372-397; Dunlop, Rise and Fall, pp. 104-106.
20. Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, pp. 362-373; R. Jeffery Smith and Ann Devroy, "Bush Urges Gorbachev to Drop Arms Treaty Claims," Washington Post, March 26, 1991, p. A8.
21. Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, p. 364.
22. Ibid., pp. 367-370; Fred Kaplan, "Soviet Aide to Arrive, Summit Bellwether Seen," Boston Globe, May 20, 1991; David Hoffman, "U.S. Officials See Signs of Cooperation by Soviets," Washington Post, May 23, 1991, p. A42; David Hoffman, "U.S., Soviet Union Settle Dispute on Arms in Europe," Washington Post, June 2, 1991, pp. A1, A26; Andrew Rosenthal, "U.S. and Soviets Near Settling Arms Pact Dispute," New York Times, May 23, 1991, p. A10; Michael Z. Wise, "Soviets Accept Limits on Arms in Europe," Washington Post, June 15, 1991, pp. A16, A18.
23. Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, p. 368. For details on this complex diplomatic solution, see Arms Control Reporter 1991, pp. 407.B.438-442.
24. Arms Control Reporter 1991, pp. 407.B.444-446.
25. Ibid., pp. 407.B.449-450; Thomas L. Friedman, "U.S. and Soviets Bridge Gap on Conventional Weapons and Plan for Summit Soon," New York Times, June 2, 1991, pp. A1, A12.
26. Hansen, "Adaptation and Innovation," pp. 5-6. For the text of the Soviet Union's declaration, see this book, Appendix B.
27. For these statements, see this book, Appendix B.
28. Ibid.
29. For President Bush's statement, see Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Treaty Document 102-8: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), 102d Cong. 1st sess., 1991.
30. The best account of this issue as it related to the CFE Treaty is in Hansen, "Adaptation and Innovation," pp. 7-9.
31. Interview, Hansen; for an immediate report, see Message from JCS Joint Staff, Washington D.C., "CFE: Ambassador Hansen's Visit to Lithuania," October 18, 1991, pp. 1-8.
32. See this book, Appendix B.
33. Remnick, Lenin's Tomb, pp. 493-530; Dunlop, Rise and Fall pp. 256-285.
34. These same questions were being discussed in the European media. See Eric Schmitt, "Arms Pact Allows for Soviet Breakup," New York Times, November 20, 1991, p. A3, and Edward Mortimer, "The Soviet Union's Security Agreements Must be Made Binding on Its Successor States," Financial Times (London), November 27, 1991. In an ironic twist, the U.S. Senate ratified the CFE Treaty on November 25, 1991, by a vote of 90-4; see Congressional Record, Senate, 18038, November 25, 1991.
35. Dunlop, Rise and Fall, pp. 271-284; Arms Control Reporter 1991, p. 407.B.462; Interview, Hansen; Interview, Foerster.
36. Arms Control Reporter 1992, pp. 407.B.463-465.
37. Ibid., p. 407.B.464; Hansen, "Adaptation and Innovation," pp. 10-11.
38. Arms Control Reporter 1992, pp. 407.B.463-464.
39. "CFE Participants Reassured on Arms Treaties," TASS (Moscow), January 16, 1992, in FBIS-Soviet Union, January 17, 1992. See also Arms Control Reporter 1992, p. 407.B.465.
40. Arms Control Reporter 1992, p. 407.B.465. See also Thomas L. Friedman, "Big-2 Horse Trade," New York Times , January 31, 1991, p. A15.
41. Arms Control Reporter 1992, p. 407.B.470. See also Serge Schmemann, "Ukraine Uses Summit to Berate Russians and the Commonwealth," New York Times, March 21, 1992, pp. A1, A5; and "Summit 'Pretty Successful'"Izvestiya, March 25, 1992, in FBIS-Soviet Union, March 25, 1992.
42. Arms Control Reporter 1992, p. 407.B.472.
43. Interview, Hansen.
44. Ibid.
45. Arms Control Reporter 1992, p. 407.B.473.
46. Ibid.; Interview, Hansen; William Droadziak, "29 Nations Approve Arms Control Treaty," Washington Post, June 6, 1992, p. A16; Craig R. Whitney, "Europeans Agree to Honor Arms Pact by Old Blocs," New York Times, June 6, 1992, p. A5; Hella Pick, "NATO and Former Warsaw Pact Sign Agreement on Arms Cuts," The Guardian (London), June 6, 1992.
47. Interview, Hansen.
48. Ibid.
49. Arms Control Reporter 1992, p. 407.B.477.
50. Arms Control Reporter 1992, p. 407.B.480.