1. Joseph P. Harahan, On-Site Inspections Under the INF Treaty (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1993), p. 152. Major General Robert W. Parker, USAF, Director OSIA, Statement before the House of Representatives, Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Arms Control and International Security and Science, March 21, 1991. In his statement, Gen. Parker discussed President Bush's National Security Directive and its implications for the On-Site Inspection Agency. See also House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Report to the Congress on the Activities of the On-Site Inspection Agency of the Department of Defense, 102d Congress, 2nd Sess., 1992. Washington D.C.
2. For the attitude of the Reagan administration (1981-1988) regarding U.S.-USSR relations, arms control treaties, and verification, see Don Oberdorfer, The Turn: From the Cold War to a New Era-The United States and the Soviet Union, 1983-1990 (New York: Poseidon Press, 1991); and George P. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993). For accounts of the Bush administration (1988-1992) see Michael Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1993); Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice, Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A study in Statecraft (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995); and Jack F. Matlock, Jr., Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union (New York: Random House, 1995).
3. For an account of the agency's expansion, read David M. Willford, "A Brief History of the On-Site Inspection Agency," OSIA Reference Report No. 1 (Washington, D.C.: On-Site Inspection Agency, 1996), pp. 5-7.
4. After signature, the president submitted these treaties to the U.S. Senate for ratification. For the text of each treaty, accompanied by the Bush administration's interpretation of each major article, provision, and protocol, see Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Executive Report 101-31: Threshold Test Ban and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaties, 101st Cong., 2d sess., 1990; Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Treaty Document 102-8: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), 102d Cong., 1st sess., 1991; Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Treaty Document 103-21: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, 103d Cong., 1st sess., 1993.
5. President George Bush, The President's Report to Congress on Soviet Non-Compliance with Arms Control Agreements, February 23, 1990.
6. President George Bush, National Security Directive 41, Organizing to Manage On-Site Inspections for Arms Control, May 29, 1990. The impact of this directive on the agency was discussed by Gen. Parker, in his statement before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on March 21, 1991.
7. General Colin L. Powell, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, "CFE Treaty Executive Agent," April 3, 1991; Secretary of Defense Richard B. Cheney, Memorandum for the Secretaries of the Military Services, "Executive Agent for the Secretary of Defense for the CFE Treaty," June 14, 1991. Later, these directives were incorporated into the final instruction; see President George Bush, National Security Directive, Organizing to Manage On-Site Inspections Under the CFE Treaty, February 11, 1992.
8. United States European Command, "Memorandum of Understanding Between USEUCOM, USLANTCOM, and OSIA for Mutual Liaison and Support Operations in Implementation of the CFE Treaty," Fall 1991.
9. Ibid.
10. Interview with Colonel Lawrence G. Kelley, USMC, Chief, Operations Division, European Operations Command, OSIA, by Joseph P. Harahan, Historian, OSIA, Washington, D.C., May 18, 1994; Interview with Major Richard J. O'Shea, USAF, Liaison Officer, European Operations Command, OSIA, by Joseph P. Harahan, Historian, OSIA, Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, July 12, 1993.
11. Harahan, On-Site Inspections Under the INF Treaty, pp. 47-64, 117-150.
12. Colonel James S. Loftus, Jr., USA, Chief, Negotiations Plans Office, Headquarters OSIA, Report on Planning Assumptions for Future Treaties, January 22, 1990; Commander Edward J. Higgins, USN, Planner, Negotiations Plans Office, Headquarters OSIA, Report on Planning for Arms Control Inspection Activities, March 6, 1990; Directorate of Resources Manpower Office, Headquarters OSIA Report, On-Site Inspection Agency Joint Table of Distribution, April 17, 1990; Colonel James S. Loftus, Jr., USA, Chief, Negotiations Plans Office, Headquarters OSIA, Memorandum for Distribution, Treaty Planning Assumptions, October 4, 1990.
13. Interview, Kelley.
14. Arms Control Reporter 1990, pp. 407.B.382-383; Jane M.O. Sharp, "Conventional Arms Control in Europe," in SIPRI Yearbook 1991, World Armaments and Disarmament, pp. 420-421.
15. Sharp, "Conventional Arms Control in Europe" (1991), pp. 429-430.
16. Arms Control Reporter 1990, pp. 407.B.393, 407.B.410-411; R. Jeffery Smith, "Soviets Said to be Removing Arms from Europe Before Treaty," Washington Post, October 5, 1990, p. A20; R. Jeffery Smith, "U.S.-Soviets Disagree on Arms Cuts," Washington Post, December 17, 1990, pp. A1, A20; Michael R. Gordon, "Soviets Shift Many Tanks to Siberia," New York Times, November 15, 1990, p. A3; International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1991-1992 (London: Brassey's Inc., 1991), pp. 30-31.
17. See this book, Chapter 3, Ratification Delayed.
18. P. Terrence Hopmann, "From MBFR to CFE, Negotiating Conventional Arms Control in Europe," in Richard Dean Burns, ed., Encyclopedia of Arms Control and Disarmament, Vol. II, pp. 983-984. For a good insight into the internal pressures on the senior officers responsible for mission readiness, see Interview, Kelley.
19. In June 1990, the NATO foreign ministers agreed at a meeting at Turnbury, Scotland, to establish a small coordinating mechanism at Headquarters NATO. This became the Verification Coordinating Committee (VCC). See Arms Control Reporter 1990, pp. 407.B.383, 407.B.409.
20. These changes had other effects. For instance, the number of U.S. sites subject to inspection increased twofold by the U.S. quota of 18 percent. See Interview, Kelley.
21. Ibid.
22. Chief of Staff, Administration, Headquarters OSIA, On-Site Inspection Agency Personnel Roster, May 20, 1992; Director of Resource Management, Manpower Office, Report on On-Site Inspection Agency Manning Document, October 8, 1992.
23. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1991-1992, pp. 32-45; International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, 1995-1996 (London: Brassey's Inc., 1995), pp. 102-120.
24. President George Bush, "State of the Union Address, January 31, 1990," published in the Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 1990 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1991), pp. 18-21.
25. General Crosbie E. Saint, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Army Europe and Seventh Army, "Changing the Face of USAREUR," Field Artillery Magazine, August 1992, pp. 10-15. See also Patrecia Slayden Hollis, "An Introduction: USAREUR in Transition." Field Artillery Magazine, August 1992, pp. 8-9.
26. Saint, "Changing the Face of USAREUR," p. 13.
27. Ibid., p. 14.
28. Interview, Kelley; Interview, O'Shea.
29. James Macintosh, "Confidence-Building Measures in Europe, 1975 to the Present," in Richard Dean Burns, ed., Encyclopedia of Arms Control and Disarmament, Vol. II , pp. 929-945; Don O. Stovall, "The Stockholm Accord: On-Site Inspections in Eastern and Western Europe," in Lewis A. Dunn and Amy E. Gordon, eds., Arms Control Verification and the New Role of On-Site Inspection (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1990), pp. 15-38. For a broader discussion of the CSCE, the CFE Treaty, and the growth of regional arms control institutions in Europe, see Catherine McArdle Kelleher, "Cooperative Security in Europe," in Jane E. Nolan, ed., Global Engagement: Cooperation and Security in the 21st Century (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1994), pp. 293-351.
30. Interview with Brigadier General Dr. Heinz Loquai, Director, Zentrum für Verifikationsaufgaben der Bundeswehr, by Joseph P. Harahan, Historian, OSIA, Geilenkirchen, Germany, January 31, 1994.
31. Ibid. See also Interviews with Lt. Colonel Roland Keitel and Lt. Colonel Bernd Mecke, Zentrum für Verifikationsaufgaben der Bundeswehr, by Joseph P. Harahan, Historian, OSIA, Geilenkirchen, Germany, January 31, 1994.
32. Interview with Colonel François Rozec, Commandant, L'Unité Française de Vérification, by Joseph P. Harahan, Historian, OSIA, Creil, France, February 1, 1994.
33. Squadron Leader Antony Kerr, Joint Arms Control Implementation Group, Great Britain, Special Report on the JACIG, sent to the Historian, OSIA, March, 23, 1994.
34. Interview with Lt. Colonel Fred Janssen and Lt. Colonel Henri Van der Auera, L'Unité Belge de Vérification, by Joseph P. Harahan, Historian, OSIA, Brussels, Belgium, January 27, 1994.
35. Interview with Major General Joseph DiMaria, Centro Italiano de Verìfica de Armi (CIVA), by Joseph P. Harahan, Historian, OSIA, Washington D.C., October 19, 1993.
36. Interview with Commander C.N.M. Wierema, Director, Arms Control Branch, Ministry of Defense, the Netherlands, byJoseph P. Harahan, Historian, OSIA, The Hague, Netherlands, January 28, 1994.
37. Kelleher, "Cooperative Security in Europe," pp. 304-310; Hopmann, "From MBFR to CFE," pp. 967-989; Arms Control Reporter 1990, pp. 407.B.291-409; Ambassador Amedeo de Franchis, "The CFE Treaty-The Role of the High Level Working Group," NATO Review, No. 5, October 1992, pp. 12-16.
38. Necil Nedimoglu, Head of the NATO Verification and Implementation Coordination Section, "NATO's Role in Verification and Compliance Monitoring for the CFE Treaty and the Vienna Document," speech presented to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts on Verification in All its Aspects, New York, July 19, 1994. See also Arms Control Reporter 1990, pp. 407.B.376, 407.B.383.
39. Colonel John Reppert, OSIA, Trip Report for Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE) Activities with the NATO's Verification Coordinating Committee, January 10-February 8, 1991, Headquarters OSIA, February 13, 1991; Lt. Colonel Thomas A. Dudley, OSIA, Trip Report for Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Activities with the NATO Verification Coordinating Committee, March 1-May 7, 1991, Headquarters OSIA, May 28, 1991. For the NATO perspective see Nedimoglu, "NATO's Role in Verification and Compliance Monitoring for the CFE Treaty and the Vienna Document."
40. Public Affairs Office, OSIA, News Release: "Biography of Colonel Frederick E. Grosick, USAF, Commander European Operations," December 1993; and Public Affairs Office, OSIA, News Release: "Biography of Colonel Lawrence G. Kelley, USMC, Deputy Commander and Chief of Operations, European Operations Command," December 1993.
41. Interview, Kelley.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. This summary is based on a series of lengthy interviews with American CFE Treaty team chiefs, deputy team chiefs, linguists, and weapons specialists. See interviews with Lt. Colonel Jan S. Karcz, USA, December 13, 1993; Lt. Colonel Joseph J. Drach, Jr., USA, December 17, 1993; Lt. Colonel Thomas C. Fiser, USA, July 12, 1993; Lt. Colonel Keith A. Oatman, USA, July 13, 1993; Lt. Colonel David P. Gessert, USAF, July 12, 1993; Lt. Colonel Edward G. Gallagher, II, USA, December 13, 1993; Chief Warrant Officer 4 Michael R. Lukes, USA, July 12, 1993; Sergeant First Class George A. Partridge, USA, July 13, 1993; Sergeant First Class Mark A. Bumala, USA, July 13, 1993. All interviews conducted by Joseph P. Harahan, Historian, OSIA, at Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany.
45. Interview, Kelley.